Pengenalan pada mekanik kuantum

Rencana ini ialah pengenalan bukan teknik kepada subjek. Bagi rencana ensiklopedia utama, lihat Mekanik kuantum.

Mekanik kuantum

$\Delta x\,\Delta p\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}$

Pengenalan · Rumusan matematik Latar belakang Mekanik klasik Teori kuantum lama Campuran tangan · Catatan Bra-ket Hamiltonian Konsep asas Keadaan kuantum · Fungsi gelombang Superposition · Kelibatan Ukuran · Ketidakpastian Pengecualian · Kedwian Decoherence · Teorem Ehrenfest · Keterowongan Eksperimen Eksperimen potongan dua Eksperiman Davisson–Germer Eksperiman Stern–Gerlach Eksperimen ketidaksamaan Bell Eksperimen Popper Kucing Schrödinger Penguji bom Elitzur–Vaidman Pemadam kuantum Rumusan Gambar Schrödinger Gambar Heisenberg Gambar interaksi Mekanik Matrix Jumlah ke atas sejarah Persamaan Persamaan Schrödinger Persamaan Pauli Persamaan Klein–Gordon Persamaan Dirac Rumusan Rydberg Terjemahan de Broglie–Bohm · CCC · Sejarah tekal · Copenhagen · Ensemble · Hidden variables · Many-worlds · Pondicherry · Logik kuantum · Kehubungan · Stochastic · Pelaksanaan Topik maju Sains maklumat kuantum Teori Scattering Teori bidang kuantum Kucar-kacir kuantum Saintis Planck · Bohr · Sommerfeld · Bose · Kramers · Heisenberg · Born · Jordan · Pauli · Dirac · de Broglie · Schrödinger · von Neumann · Wigner · Feynman · Candlin · Bohm · Everett · Bell · Wien · lain

Kiri ke kanan: Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, Erwin Schrödinger, Richard Feynman.

Mekanik kuantum adalah sekumpulan prinsip saintifik yang menjelaskan kelakuan jirim dan interaksinya pada skala atom dan subatom.

Menjelang kurun kedua puluh yang lalu, ia menjadi jelas bahawa fizik klasik tidak dapat menjelaskan beberapa fenomena. Memahami batasan fizik klasik ini membawa kepada suatu revolusi dalam fizik: perkembangan mekanik kuantum dalam dekad-dekad awal kurun ke-20. Banyak perkara seperti alam semesta pada skala yang paling besar tidak patuh kemas dengan fizik klasik (kerana kerelatifan am), mekanik kuantum bermakna perkara yang serupa pada skala terkecil alam semesta. Prinsip mekanik kuantum agak sukar untuk difahami oleh minda manusia, oleh kerana manusia sudah terbiasa menaakul tentang dunia pada skala di mana fizik klasik ialah suatu penghampiran baik. Mekanik kuantum berlawanan dengan intuisi, dalam kata Richard Feynman, ia berurusan dengan "Nature as She is—absurd".

Banyak bahagian-bahagian asas alam semesta, seperti foton (unit diskret cahaya) mempunyai sesetengah sifat yang menyerupai zarah tetapi sifat lain yang menyerupai gelombang. Penyinar foton seperti lampu neon mempunyai spektrum pancaran, tetapi spektrum ini terputus-putus, cuma frekuensi tertentu yang wujud. Tenaga foton membentuk suatu urutan yang terputus-putus dan berkod warna. Hukum mekanik kuantum meramalkan tenaga, warna, dan keamatan spektrum sinaran elektromagnet. Tetapi hukum yang sama memutuskan bahawa lebih seseorang mengenal pasti satu ukuran (seperti kedudukan zarah), lebih sukar untuk menentukan suatu ukuran lain (seperti momentum). Dalam kata lain, mengukur kedudukan dahulu dan kemudian momentum tidak akan memberikan hasil yang sama dengan mengukur momentum dahulu dan diikuti kedudukan. Malah lebih kurang menyenangkan, pasangan zarah boleh memiliki kekusutan kuantum, bermakna menentukan suatu sifat satu zarah akan menentukan sifat yang sama atau lain pada zarah lagi satu, tanpa mengira berapa jauh kedua zarah itu terpisah.

Rujukan

• Bernstein, Jeremy, 2005, "Max Born and the quantum theory," Am. J. Phys. 73(11).
• Beller, Mara, 2001. Quantum Dialogue: The Making of a Revolution. University of Chicago Press.
• Bohr, Niels (1958). Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. John Wiley and Sons. OCLC 530611 ASIN B00005VGVF.
• Louis de Broglie, 1953. The Revolution in Physics. Noonday Press.
• Albert Einstein, 1934. Essays in Science. Philosophical Library.
• Herbert Feigl and May Brodbeck, 1953. Readings in the Philosophy of Science, Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Feynman, Richard P. (9 May 1949). "Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics" (PDF). PROLA. Phys. Rev. Cornell University: The American Physical Society. 76 (6): 769–789. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.76.769. Dicapai pada 2009-07-29.
• Fowler, Michael, 1999. The Bohr Atom. Lecture series, University of Virginia.
• Werner Heisenberg, 1958. Physics and Philosophy. Harper and Brothers.
• Lakshmibala, S., 2004, "Heisenberg, Matrix Mechanics and the Uncertainty Principle," Resonance, Journal of Science Education 9(8).
• Richard L. Liboff, 1992. Introductory Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed.
• Lindsay, Robert Bruce and Henry Margenau, 1936. Foundations of Physics. Dover.
• McEvoy, J.P., and Zarate, Oscar. Introducing Quantum Theory, ISBN 1874166374
• Nave, Carl Rod, 2005. Hyperphysics-Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, CD.
• Peat, F. David, 2002. From Certainty to Uncertainty: The Story of Science and Ideas in the Twenty-First Century. Joseph Henry Press.
• Hans Reichenbach, 1944. Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. University of California Press.
• Paul Arthur Schilpp, 1949. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. Tudor Publishing Company.
• Scientific American Reader, 1953.
• Sears, Francis Weston, 1949. Optics. Addison-Wesley.
• Shimony, A. (1983). "(title not given in citation)". Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology (S. Kamefuchi et al., eds.). Tokyo: Japan Physical Society. m/s. 225.; cited in: Popescu, Sandu. "Action and Passion at a Distance: An Essay in Honor of Professor Abner Shimony". arXiv.org. Dicapai pada 2007-01-12.
• Tavel, Morton (2002 - 07). Contemporary physics and the limits of knowledge. Piscataway, N J: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813530772. Dicapai pada 2009-07-23.
• Van Vleck, J. H.,1928, "The Correspondence Principle in the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 14: 179.
• Wheeler, John Archibald (July 1949). "Classical Electrodynamics in Terms of Direct Interparticle Action". Rev. Mod. Phys. PROLA. Princeton University: The American Physical Society. 21 (3): 425–433. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.425. Dicapai pada 2009-07-29.
• Wieman, Carl, and Perkins, Katherine, 2005, "Transforming Physics Education," Physics Today.
• Westmoreland, M. D., and Schumacher, B., 1998, "Quantum Entanglement and the Nonexistence of Superluminal Signals."
• Bronner, P., Strunz, A. et al. (2009). "Demonstrating quantum random with single photons." European Journal of Physics 30(5): 1189-1200

Bacaan lanjut

The following titles, all by working physicists, attempt to communicate quantum theory to lay people, using a minimum of technical apparatus.

• Richard Feynman, 1985. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08388-6
• Ghirardi, GianCarlo, 2004. Sneaking a Look at God's Cards, Gerald Malsbary, trans. Princeton Univ. Press. The most technical of the works cited here. Passages using algebra, trigonometry, and bra-ket notation can be passed over on a first reading.
• N. David Mermin, 1990, “Spooky actions at a distance: mysteries of the QT” in his Boojums all the way through. Cambridge Univ. Press: 110-176. The author is a rare physicist who tries to communicate to philosophers and humanists.
• Roland Omnes (1999) Understanding Quantum Mechanics. Princeton Univ. Press.
• Victor Stenger, 2000. Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books. Chpts. 5-8.
• Veltman, M. J. G., 2003. Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics. World Scientific Publishing Company.

Pautan luar

• Takada, Kenjiro, Emeritus professor at Kyushu University, "Microscopic World -- Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Diarkibkan 2009-07-01 di Wayback Machine"
• Quantum Theory.
• Quantum Mechanics.
• Planck's original paper Diarkibkan 2008-01-06 di Wayback Machine on Planck's constant.
• Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world. From the New Scientist.
• Quantum Articles. Diarkibkan 2008-12-23 di Wayback Machine
• This Quantum World. Diarkibkan 2011-03-22 di Wayback Machine
• The Quantum Exchange (tutorials and open source learning software).
• Theoretical Physics wiki Diarkibkan 2012-02-22 di Wayback Machine
• "Uncertainty Principle," a recording of Werner Heisenberg's voice.
• Single and double slit interference Diarkibkan 2012-11-10 di Wayback Machine
• Time-Evolution f a Wavepacket in a Square Well An animated demonstration of a wave packet dispersion over time.
• Experiments with single photons An introduction into quantum physics with interactive experiments
• Hitachi video recording of double-slit experiment done with electrons. You can see the interference pattern build up over time.