Pengepungan Bukhara

Templat:Use shortened footnotes Ralat Lua pada baris 525 di Modul:Location_map: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Uzbekistan" does not exist. Templat:Campaignbox Genghis Khan's Campaigns Templat:Campaignbox Mongol Invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire

Pengepungan Bukhara berlaku pada Februari 1220, semasa serangan Mongol di Empayar Khwarazmi. Genghis Khan, pemerintah Empayar Mongol, telah melancarkan serangan pelbagai penjuru ke atas Empayar Khwarazmia diperintah oleh Shah Muhammad II. Manakala Shah merancang mempertahan bandar utamanya secara berasingan, orang Mongol membuat pengepungan di bandar sempadan Otrar, dan menyerang lanjut ke Khwarazmia.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

Petikan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

Zaman pertengahan[sunting | sunting sumber]

al-Din, Rashid (1998) [c. 1300]. Jami' al-tawarikh جامع التواريخ [Compendium of Chronicles] (dalam bahasa Arabic dan Persian). 2. Diterjemahkan oleh Thackston, W. M. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
al-Hamawi, Yaqut (1955) [c. 1220]. Mu'jam ul-Buldān معجم البلدان [Dictionary of Countries] (dalam bahasa Arabic). Diterjemahkan oleh Ibn 'Abdallah ar-Ruml. Beirut: Dar Sader Publishers.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Chih'ch'ang Li (1888) [c. 1225]. Hsi-yu chi [Travels to the West of Qiu Chang Chun]. Diterjemahkan oleh Bretschneider, Emil.
Juvaini, Ata-Malik (1958) [c. 1260]. Tarikh-i Jahangushay تاریخ جهانگشای [History of the World Conqueror] (dalam bahasa Persian). 1. Diterjemahkan oleh Andrew Boyle, John.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj (1873) [c. 1260]. Tabaqat-i Nasiri طبقات ناصری (dalam bahasa Persian). XXIII. Diterjemahkan oleh Raverty, H. G.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
al-Nasawi, Shihab al-Din Muhammad (1998) [1241]. Sirah al-Sultan Jalal al-Din Mankubirti [Biography of Sultan Jalal al-Din Mankubirti] (dalam bahasa Russian). Diterjemahkan oleh Buniyatov, Z. M.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Moden[sunting | sunting sumber]

Abazov, Rafis (2008). Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7542-3.
Ahmad, S. Maqbul (2000). "8: Geodesy, Geology, and Mineralogy; Geography and Cartography". Dalam Bosworth, C.E.; Asimov, M.S. (penyunting). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. IV / #2. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 9231034677.
Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Dicapai pada 2 March 2022.
Barthold, Vasily (1968) [1900]. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (ed. Second). London: Oxford University Press, Luzac & Co. OCLC 4523164.
Biran, Michal (2009). "The Mongols in Central Asia from Chinggis Khan's invasion to the rise of Temür". The Cambridge History of Inner Asia. The Chinggisid Age: 46–66. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.006. ISBN 978-1-139-05604-5.
Blair, S. (2000). "13: Language Situation and Scripts (Arabic)". Dalam Bosworth, C.E.; Asimov, M.S. (penyunting). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. IV / #2. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 9231034677.
Buell, Paul D. (1979). "Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara". Journal of Asian History (ed. 2). Harrassowitz Verlag. 13 (2): 121–151. JSTOR 41930343.
Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) [1986]. A History of the Khorezmian State Under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231 Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов: 1097-1231 [A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097-1231]. Diterjemahkan oleh Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka. ISBN 978-9943-357-21-1.
Chalind, Gérard; Mangin-Woods, Michèle; Woods, David (2014). "Chapter 7: The Mongol Empire". A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century (ed. First). Oakland: University of California Press. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt7zw1cg.13.
Emin, Leon (1989). Мусульмане в СССР [Muslims in the USSR]. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. OCLC 20802477.
Foltz, Richard (2019). A History of the Tajiks: The Iranians of the East. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-955-9. Dicapai pada 3 February 2022.
Golden, Peter (2009). "Inner Asia c.1200". The Cambridge History of Inner Asia. The Chinggisid Age: 9–25. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004. ISBN 978-1-13905-604-5.
Jackson, Peter (2009). "The Mongol Age in Eastern Inner Asia". The Cambridge History of Inner Asia. The Chinggisid Age: 26–45. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.005. ISBN 978-1-139-05604-5.
Man, John (2005). Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-31444-2.
Martin, H. Desmond (1943). "The Mongol Army". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Cambridge University Press. 75 (1–2): 46–85. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00098166. S2CID 162432699.
May, Timothy (2007). The Mongol Art of War : Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System. Yardley: Westholme Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59416-046-2.
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia". The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. m/s. 44–75. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11.
May, Timothy (2019). The Mongols. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-1-64189-095-3.
Modelski, George (2007). "Central Asian world cities (XI – XIII century): a discussion paper". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 June 2011. Dicapai pada 5 March 2022.
Mote, Frederick W. (1999). "The Career of the Great Khan Chinggis". Imperial China 900-1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. m/s. 403–424. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1cbn3m5.21. ISBN 978-0-674-44515-4. JSTOR j.ctv1cbn3m5.21.
Nelson Frye, Richard (1997) [1965]. Bukhara: The Medieval Achievement (ed. 2nd). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 1-56859-048-2.
Rossabi, Morris (1994). "All the Khan's Horses" (PDF). Natural History. Dicapai pada 3 February 2022.
Smith, John Masson (1975). "Mongol Manpower and Persian Population". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 18 (3): 271–299. doi:10.2307/3632138. JSTOR 3632138.
Starr, S. Frederick (2013). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15773-3. JSTOR j.ctt3fgz07.
Sverdrup, Carl (2010). France, John; J. Rogers, Clifford; DeVries, Kelly (penyunting). "Numbers in Mongol Warfare". Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell and Brewer. VIII: 109–117. doi:10.1515/9781846159022-004. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt7zstnd.6.
Sverdrup, Carl (2013). "Sübe'etei Ba'atur, Anonymous Strategist". Journal of Asian History. Harrassowitz Verlag. 47 (1): 33–49. doi:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033. JSTOR 10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033.
Sverdrup, Carl (2017). The Mongol Conquests: The Military Campaigns of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei. Warwick: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-913336-05-9.
"Historic Centre of Bukhara: UNESCO World Heritage Site". UNESCO: World Heritage Convention. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 December 2022. Dicapai pada 1 March 2023.