Lihat sumber bagi Bahasa Klingon

{{kegunaanlain}}
{{terjemah|en|Klingon language}}
{{Infobox Language
|name     = Bahasa Klingon
|nativename = <span style="font-family:'pIqaD';"> </span> ''tlhIngan Hol''
|pronunciation = {{IPA|/ˈt͡ɬɪŋɑn xol/}}
|creator  = [[Marc Okrand]]
|date     = 1984
|setting  = Filem-filem ''[[Star Trek]]'', siri-siri televisyen (''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation|TNG]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine|DS9]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Voyager|Voyager]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise|Enterprise]]'') dan opera ''[['u' (opera)|'u']]''.
|speakers = Tidak diketahui. Kira-kira 12 petutur <!--fasih--> pada 1996, mengikut [[Lawrence M. Schoen|Lawrence Schoen]], pengarah [[Institut Bahasa Klingon|KLI]].<ref>[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.08/es.languages.html?pg=4&topic= Wired 4.08: Dejpu'bogh Hov rur qablli!*]</ref>
|script = [[Abjad Rumi]], [[Sistem Tulisan Klingon]]
|fam1     = [[bahasa buatan]]
|fam2     = [[bahasa artistik]]
|fam3     = [[bahasa fiksyen]]
|posteriori = [[Bahasa buatan]]<br />&nbsp;[[Bahasa a priori]]
|agency = [[Institut Bahasa Klingon]]
|iso2=tlh |iso3=tlh
}}

'''Bahasa Klingon''' ('''''tlhIngan Hol''''' dalam Klingon) adalah [[bahasa buatan]] yang dituturkan oleh kaum [[Klingon]] dalam alam semesta [[Star Trek]]. Direka dengan sengaja supaya terasa "asing" oleh [[Marc Okrand]], ia memiliki beberapa ciri-ciri [[tipologi bahasa|tipologi]] tidak biasa. Bunyi asas bahasa ini, bersama-sama dengan beberapa perkataan, mula direka oleh pelakon [[James Doohan]] ("[[Montgomery Scott|Scotty]]") untuk ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''. Filem tersebut menandakan pertama kalinya bahasa itu didengari di pawagam; dalam semua kemunculan sebelumnya, kaum Klingon bertutur dalam Bahasa Inggeris. Klingon seterusnya dibangunkan oleh Okrand menjadi bahasa penuh.

Klingon kadang-kala dirujuk sebagai "Klingonese" (terutamanya dalam ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' episod "[[The Trouble With Tribbles]]", where it was actually pronounced by a Klingon character as {{IPA|/klɪŋɡoni/}}), but, among the Klingon-speaking community, this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language called Klingonaase that was introduced in [[John M. Ford]]'s 1988 ''Star Trek'' novel ''[[The Final Reflection]]'', and appears in other ''Star Trek'' novels by Ford. A shorthand version of Klingonaase is called "battle language." The ''[[Klingon Christmas Carol]]'' play is the first production that is primarily in Klingon (only the narrator speaks English). The opera ''[['u' (opera)|'u']]'' is entirely in Klingon.

Segelintir orang, kebanyakannya peminat Star Trek tegal atau peminat bahasa, mampu bertutur dalam Bahasa Klingon. Kosa katanya, yang kerap mengetengahkan konsep Star Trek-Klingon seperti kapal angkasa Klingon atau senarai senjata Star Trek, kadangkala menyusahkan penggunaan hariannya. Contohnya, sungguhpun terdapat perkataan bagi ''unit pengion pengangkutan'' (''jolvoy''') atau ''bridge'' (of a ship) (''meH''), tidak terdapat perkataan semasa bagi ''jambatan'' dari segi merentasi air. Sungguhpun begitu, perbualan remeh adalah biasa dikalangan penutur yang mahir.<ref>[http://www.earthlings-movie.com/ Earthlings: Ugly Bags of Mostly Water, Mostly Water LLC, 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615082547/http://www.earthlings-movie.com/ |date=2011-06-15 }}. Retrieved 2009-11-27.</ref>

== Sejarah ==
Sungguhpun disebut dalam seir asal ''Star Trek'' episod "The Trouble With Tribbles", Klingon pertama kali digunakan di skrin semasa ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'' (1979). Bagi ''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]'' (1984), pengarah [[Leonard Nimoy]] dan pengeluar-penulis [[Harve Bennett]] mahukan Klingon untuk bertutur dalam bahasa sebenar dan bukannya merepak yang dibuat-buat dan dengan itu mengupah Okrand bagi mengembangkan farsa yang Doohan telah hasilkan kepada bahasa sepenuhnya. Okrand memperluaskan lexicon dan membangunkan tatabahasa sekitar beberapa dosen perkataan yang telah dicipta Doohan. Ia akan digunakan sekali-sekala dalam filem berikutnya menonjolkan pelakon asal: dalam ''[[Star Trek V: The Final Frontier]]'' dan dalam ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'' (1991), di mana kesukaran terjemahan akan menjadi peranti plot.

Dengan kehadiran siri ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' (1987)—dalam mana salah seorang pelakon utamanya, [[Worf]], merupakan Klingon—dan penggantinya, bahasa dan pelbagai aspek budaya bagi spesies khayalan dikembangkan. Dalam ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episod "[[A Matter of Honor]]", beberapa ahli krew kapal Klingon bertutur dalam bahasa yang tdiak diterjemah bagi kebaikan penonton (malah Komander Riker, menggunakan kemudahan penterjemah sejagat, gagal memahaminya), sehingga salah seorang Klingon memerintah yang lain untuk bertutur "bahasa manusia mereka."

Kegunaan perkataan Klingon tidak diterjemah bercampur dengan perbualan diterjemah kepada Inggeris adalah perkara biasa dalam season berikutnya bagi ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', di mana Klingons menjadi bahagian lebih penting bagi plot siri keseluruhan.

Worf would later reappear among the regular characters in ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' (1992) and [[B'Elanna Torres]], a Klingon-human [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]], would be a main character on ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' (1995). Later, in the pilot episode of the [[prequel]] series ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', "[[Broken Bow (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Broken Bow]]" (2001), the Klingon language is described as having "eighty polyguttural [[dialect]]s constructed on an adaptive [[syntax]]"; however, Klingon as described on television is often [[Star Trek canon#Klingon language|not entirely congruous]] with Klingon developed by Okrand.

== Bahasa ==
[[Fail:TheKlingonHamlet.jpg|120px|kiri|thumb|''The Klingon Hamlet'']]

Para hobi di pelosok dunia telah menggunakan bahasa Klingon. Empat terjemahan karya sastera dunia ke Klingon telah diterbit: <cite>''[[Gilgamesh in popular culture#Literature|ghIlghameS]]''</cite> (<cite>''[[Gilgamesh]]''</cite>), ''[[The Klingon Hamlet|Hamlet]]'' (<cite>''[[Hamlet]]''</cite>), <cite>''paghmo' tIn mIS''</cite> (<cite>''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]''</cite>), and ''pIn'a' qan paQDI'norgh'' (''[[Tao Te Ching]]''). The Shakespearian choices were inspired by a remark from High Chancellor [[List of Star Trek characters (G–M)#G|Gorkon]] in ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'', who said: "You have not experienced [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], until you have read him in the original Klingon." In the bonus material for the DVD, screenwriter Nicholas Meyer and actor William Shatner both explain that this was an allusion to the "German myth" that Shakespeare was in fact German.

[[Institut Bahasa Klingon]] wujud untuk mempromosikan bahasa itu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?res=9A0CEFD8163BF934A35753C1A9629C8B63&fta=y | author=Lisa Napoli | title=Online Diary: tlhIngan maH! | date=October 7, 2004 | work=New York Times}}</ref>
[[Fail:Qapla'.svg|thumb|kanan|Qapla' (kejayaan)]]

[[Paramount Pictures]] memiliki [[hak cipta]] kamus rasmi dan gambaran rasmi lain bahasa tersebut. Tambahan lagi, sungguhpun ia dipertikai oleh penggaji perundangan, hak cipta bahasa Klingon turut dimiliki Paramount. Sungguhpun bahasa ciptaan ("conlangs") di lihat sebagai ciptaan dengan perlindungan hakcipta, bahasa semulajadi tidak dilindungi; hanya kamus dan karya lain yang dicipta dengan bahasa itu. Mizuki Miyashita dan Laura Moll menyatakan, "Hak cipta bagi kamus adalah luar biasa kerana kemasukan dalam kamus idak boleh dihakcipta kerana perkataan itu sendiri adalah fakta, dan fakta tidak boleh dihakcipta. Bagaimanapu, format, sebagai contoh ayat, dan arahan bagi kamus adalah dicipta oleh pengarang, dengan itu boleh dihakcipta." <ref>[http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/RIL_9.html NAU.edu]</ref>


<!----

Features of the Klingon language were inspired by various real Earth languages studied by Okrand, particularly [[indigenous languages of the Americas]].<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2217815 There's No Klingon Word for ''Hello''], ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine, May 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-08.</ref><ref>An attribution to Okrand may be found in the museum displays at the [[San Juan Bautista, California]] State Historic Park, which includes a short mention of the local [[Mutsun]] native people whom Okrand studied for his thesis.</ref> Okrand himself has stated that a design principle of the Klingon language was dissimilarity to existing natural languages in general, and English in particular.  He therefore avoided patterns that are [[Linguistic typology|typologically]] common and deliberately chose features that occur relatively infrequently in human languages. This includes above all the highly asymmetric consonant inventory and the basic [[word order]].

In May 2009, Simon & Schuster, in collaboration with [[Ultralingua]] Inc., a developer of electronic dictionary applications, announced the release of a suite of electronic Klingon language software for most computer platforms including a dictionary, a phrasebook and an audio learning tool.

==Canon==
An important concept to spoken and written Klingon is canonicity. Only words and grammatical forms introduced by Marc Okrand are considered proper, canonical Klingon by the KLI and most Klingonists.  However, as the growing number of speakers employ different strategies to express themselves, it is often unclear as to what level of [[neologism]] is permissible.<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf Klingon as Linguistic Capital, Yens Wahlgren, June 2000]. Retrieved 2009-11-27.</ref>

Dalam alam cereka Star Trek, Klingon is derived from the original language spoken by the messianic figure Kahless the Unforgettable, yang menyatukan Klingon homeworld of Kronos dibawah sebuah empayar lebih 1500 tahun lalu.<ref>Marc Okrand, ''Klingon for the Galactic Traveler''. Simon & Schuster, 1997.</ref> Many dialects exist, but the standardized dialect of prestige is almost invariably that of the sitting emperor.

===Punca===
The following are works which are considered by the Klingon Language Institute to be canon Klingon and are the sources of Klingon vocabulary and grammar for all other works.<ref>[http://www.kli.org/wiki/index.php?canonical%20sources KLI Wiki, ''Canon sources'']. Retrieved 2009-11-27.</ref>

; Buku-buku
:''The Klingon Dictionary'' (TKD)
:''The Klingon Way'' (TKW)
:''Klingon for the Galactic Traveler'' (KGT)
:''[[Sarek (Star Trek novel)|Sarek]]'', a novel which includes some tlhIngan Hol
:''Federation Travel Guide'', a pamphlet from Pocketbooks

; Pita audio
:''Conversational Klingon'' (CK)
:''Power Klingon'' (PK)
:''The Klingon Way'' (TKW)

; Electronic resources
: The ''[[Klingon Language Suite]]'', language learning tools from Ultralingua with Simon & Schuster

; Punca-punca lain
: certain articles in ''HolQeD'' (the journal of the KLI) (HQ)
: certain Skybox Trading Cards (SKY)
: a Star Trek Bird of Prey poster (BoP)
: ''[[Star Trek: Klingon]]'', a CD-ROM game (KCD, also STK)
: on-line and in-person text/speech by Marc Okrand (mostly newsgroup postings)

The letters in parentheses following each item (if any) indicate the acronym by which the source is referred to when quoting canon.

==Phonologi==
Klingon has been developed with a [[phonology]] that, while based on human [[natural language]]s, is intended to sound [[alien language|alien]].  When initially developed, Paramount Pictures (owners of the Star Trek [[media franchise|franchise]]) wanted the Klingon language to be guttural and harsh and Okrand wanted it to be unusual, so he selected [[articulatory phonetics|sounds]] that combined in ways not generally found in other languages. The effect is mainly achieved by the use of a number of [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] consonants in the language's inventory{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}. Klingon has twenty-one consonants and five vowels. Klingon is normally written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]] (see [[#Writing systems|below]]). In this orthography, [[Capital letter|upper]] and [[lower case]] letters are not interchangeable (uppercase letters mostly represent sounds different to those expected by English speakers). In the discussion below, standard Klingon orthography appears in ''&lt;angle brackets&gt;'', and the [[phoneme|phonemic transcription]] in the [[Wikipedia:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] is written between ''/slashes/''.

===Konsonan===
The inventory of consonants in Klingon is spread over a number of [[place of articulation|places of articulation]]. In spite of this, the inventory has many gaps: Klingon has no [[konsonan velar|letupan velar]], and only one [[sibilant consonant|sibilant]]. Dengan sengajanya, susunan tersebut agak ganjil mengikut piawaian bahasa manusia. The combination of aspirated [[voiceless alveolar plosive]] {{IPA|/tʰ/}} and [[voiced retroflex plosive]] {{IPA|/ɖ/}} is particularly unusual, for example. The consonants <D> {{IPA|/ɖ/}} and <r> ({{IPA|/r/}}) can be realized as {{IPA|[ɳ]}} and {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, respectively.{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} Note that the [[apostrophe]] character <'> is not a punctuation mark but a full-fledged letter, representing the [[glottal stop]] ({{IPA|/ʔ/}}).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" COLSPAN=2 | &nbsp;
! rowspan="2" | [[Konsonan bibir|Bibir]]
! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan gusi|Gusi]] or [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]<br/> or [[Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Konsonan velar|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%;" | Tengah
! style="font-size: 80%;" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|-
! style="text-align: left;" ROWSPAN=2 | [[konsonan hentian|Letupan]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
| p {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| t {{IPA|/tʰ/}} || || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || q {{IPA|/qʰ/}}
| <font style="text-decoration: none">' {{IPA|/ʔ/}}</font>
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|bersuara]]
| b {{IPA|/b/}} || &nbsp; || || D {{IPA|/ɖ/}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" ROWSPAN=2 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
| &nbsp; || || tlh {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} || || ch {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} || || {{IPA|Q /q͡χ/}} ||
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|bersuara]]
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || || j {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" ROWSPAN=2 | [[Konsonan geseran|Geseran]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || || S {{IPA|/ʂ/}} || &nbsp; || H {{IPA|/x/}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|bersuara]]
| v {{IPA|/v/}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || gh {{IPA|/ɣ/}} || &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" COLSPAN=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA|/m/}} || n {{IPA|/n/}} || || || &nbsp; || ng {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" COLSPAN=2 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| &nbsp;
| rowspan="2" | r {{IPA|/r/}}<br/>({{IPA|[ɹ]}}) || || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||
| &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" COLSPAN=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| w {{IPA|/w/}}
| l {{IPA|/l/}}  || &nbsp; || y {{IPA|/j/}} || &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}

===Vokal===
In contrast to consonants, Klingon's inventory of vowels is simple and similar to many human languages, such as Spanish. There are five vowels spaced evenly around the vowel space, with two back rounded vowels, and two front or near-front unrounded vowels.

The two front vowels, &lt;e&gt; and &lt;I&gt;, represent sounds that are found in English but are more open and lax than a typical English speaker might assume when reading Klingon text written in the Latin alphabet, causing the consonants of a word to be more prominent. This enhances the sense that Klingon is a clipped and harsh-sounding language.

; [[Vowel]]s
:&lt;a&gt;{{ndash}} {{IPA|/ɑ/}}{{ndash}} [[open back unrounded vowel]] (in English ''spa'')
:&lt;e&gt;{{ndash}} {{IPA|/ɛ/}}{{ndash}} [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bed'')
:&lt;I&gt;{{ndash}} {{IPA|/ɪ/}}{{ndash}} [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bit'')
:&lt;o&gt;{{ndash}} {{IPA|/o/}}{{ndash}} [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] (in [[French language|French]] ''eau'')
:&lt;u&gt;{{ndash}} {{IPA|/u/}}{{ndash}} [[close back rounded vowel]] (in Spanish ''tu'')

[[Diphthong]]s can be analyzed phonetically as the combination of the five vowels plus one of the two [[semivowel]]s {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} (represented by &lt;w&gt; and &lt;y&gt;, respectively). Thus, the combinations &lt;ay&gt;, &lt;ey&gt;, &lt;Iy&gt;, &lt;oy&gt;, &lt;uy&gt;, &lt;aw&gt;, &lt;ew&gt; and &lt;Iw&gt; are possible. There are no words in the Klingon language that contain *&lt;ow&gt; or *&lt;uw&gt;.

===Struktur suku kata===
Klingon [[syllable]] structure is strict: suku kata mesti bermula dengan konsonan (termasuk hentian glottal) diikuti dengan satu vokal. In prefixes and other rare syllables, this is enough. More commonly, this consonant-vowel pair is followed by one consonant or one of three biconsonantal codas: /-'''''w' '''-'''y' '''-'''rgh'''''/. Thus, ''ta'' "record", ''tar'' "poison" and ''targh'' "targ" (a type of animal) are all legal syllable forms, but *''tarD'' and *''ar'' are not. Despite this, there is one suffix that takes the shape vowel+consonant: the endearment suffix -''oy''.

===Stress===
In [[verb]]s, the stressed syllable is usually the verb itself, as opposed to a prefix or any suffixes, except when a suffix ending with <'> is separated from the verb by at least one other suffix, in which case the suffix ending in <'> is also stressed. In addition, stress may shift to a suffix that is meant to be emphasized.

In [[noun]]s, the final syllable of the stem (the noun itself, excluding any affixes) is stressed. If any syllables ending in <'> are present, the stress shifts to those syllables.

The stress in other words seems to be variable, but this is not a serious issue because most of these words are only one syllable in length. Still, there are some words which should fall under the rules above, but do not, although using the standard rules would still be acceptable.
-->

== Lihat juga ==
* [[Bahasa makhluk asing]]
* [[Budaya Klingon]]
* [[Institut Bahasa Klingon]]
* [[Stovokor (band)|Stovokor]], a heavy metal band who sing in Klingon
* [[’u’]], opera pertama bahasa Klingon yang dilakonkan di Bumi

== Nota ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Rujukan ==
* [[Bernard Comrie]], 1995, "The Paleo-Klingon numeral system". ''HolQeD'' 4.4: 6–10.

== Pautan luar ==
{{wikibooks|Klingon}}
{{Wikiquote|Klingon proverbs}}
{{wikiversity|Topic:Klingon}}
{{wikinewshas|related news|
* [[n:Elvish, Klingon and Na'vi: Constructed languages gain foothold in film|Elvish, Klingon and Na'vi: Constructed languages gain foothold in film]]
* [[n:Parlez-vous français? Qapla’! More Grade 11 boys proficient in Klingon than French: local survey|Parlez-vous français? Qapla’! More Grade 11 boys proficient in Klingon than French: local survey]]}}
* [http://www.kli.org/ Klingon Language Institute]
* [http://www.judion.de/klingon Klingon and its User: A Sociolinguistic Profile], a [[sociolinguistics]] MA thesis
* [http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/PDF/thesis.pdf Klingon as Linguistic Capital: A Sociologic Study of Nineteen Advanced Klingonists (PDF)]
* [http://www.klingonska.org/ Klingonska Akademien]
* [http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/Summaries/Languages/MutsunKlingonComparison.pdf Is Klingon an Ohlonean language? A comparison of Mutsun and Klingon]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/klingon.htm Omniglot: Klingon Alphabet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402041317/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/klingon.htm |date=2004-04-02 }}
* [http://klingon.dw-world.de/klingon/ Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3658310.stm BBC article on Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
* [[wikiasite:mughom:tlhIngan Hol mu'ghom:ghItlh'a'|Klingon wikia dictionary in Klingon]]
* [http://klingon.dw-world.de/klingon/index.php Deutsche Welle Germany's International broadcaster goes Klingon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316132809/http://klingon.dw-world.de/klingon/index.php |date=2010-03-16 }}
* [http://www.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Klingon Eatoni Ergonomics' Klingon page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530164638/http://www.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Klingon |date=2008-05-30 }} includes BDF, TTF fonts and a Klingon text entry demo

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