Lihat sumber bagi Jenayah pencerobohan

[[File:RIAN archive 2251 Destroyed Stalingrad does not give up.jpg|thumb|Jenayah pencerobohan telah dicipta oleh seorang hakim Soviet [[Aron Trainin]] selepas [[Operasi Barbarossa|serangan Jerman ke atas Soviet Union]] semasa [[Perang Dunia II]]. Dalam gambar: Kemusnahan [[Stalingrad]], Disember 1942]]
'''Jenayah pencerobohan''' atau '''jenayah terhadap keamanan''' ialah perancangan, permulaan, atau pelaksanaan tindakan pencerobohan berskala besar dan serius dengan menggunakan kekuatan tentera sebuah negara. Definisi dan skop adalah kontroversi. [[Statut Rom Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa|Statut Rom]] mengandungi senarai lengkap tindakan pencerobohan yang boleh menyebabkan   individu penjenayah bertanggungjawab, yang merangkumi [[pencerobohan tentera]], [[pendudukan tentera]], [[pengilhakan]] dengan menggunakan kekerasan, [[pengeboman]], dan [[Sekatan (ketenteraan)|sekatan]] pelabuhan. Pencerobohan secara amnya adalah jenayah pucuk pimpinan yang hanya boleh dilakukan oleh mereka yang mempunyai kuasa untuk membentuk dasar pencerobohan negara, bukannya mereka yang melaksanakannya. 

Asas falsafah bagi kesalahan pencerobohan terdapat dalam [[teori adil peperangan]], dimana melancarkan  [[Perang pencerobohan|perang tanpa alasan yang adil untuk mempertahankan diri]] adalah tidak patut. Selepas [[Operasi Barbarossa|serangan Jerman ke atas Soviet Union]] semasa [[Perang Dunia II]], hakim Soviet  [[Aron Trainin]] membuat cadangan pertama yang berjaya untuk menjenayahkan perbuatan pencerobohan. [[Perbicaraan Nuremberg|Piagam Tribunal Tentera Antarabangsa]] memperuntukkan liabiliti jenayah kerana melancarkan perang pencerobohan, yang merupakan fokus utama [[Perbicaraan Nuremberg]]. Penjenayah lain dalam Perang Dunia II telah dibicarakan kerana pencerobohan [[Perbicaraan tanggungjawab perang di Finland|di Finland]], Poland, China,  [[Perbicaraan Nuremberg Terkemudian]], dan [[Tribunal Ketenteraan Antarabangsa untuk Timur Jauh|Perbicaraan Tokyo]]. Tiada siapa yang telah didakwa kerana pencerobohan samada sebelum atau sejak tahun 1940an.

Ia secara umum diterima bahawa jenayah pencerobohan wujud dalam [[Undang-Undang Adat Antarabangsa]]. Definisi dan syarat untuk menjalankan [[undang-undang]] ke atas jenayah ini oleh [[Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa]] telah diterima pada 2010 di [[Persidangan Kajian Semula Kampala]] oleh [[Negara Anggota Statut Rom Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa|negara anggota mahkamah]]. Pencerobohan adalah jenayah mengikut [[undang-undang statut]] sesetengah negara, dan boleh didakwa di bawah  [[bidang kuasa sejagat]].

Pencerobohan ialah salah satu jenayah teras dalam [[undang-undang jenayah antarabangsa]], di samping [[Pembasmian kaum|genosid]], [[Jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan|jenayah kemanusiaan]], dan [[jenayah perang]]. Pada tahun 1946,  [[Perbicaraan Nuremberg|Tribunal Tentera Antarabangsa]] memutuskan bahawa pencerobohan adalah "jenayah antarabangsa tertinggi" kerana "ia mengandungi dalam dirinya seluruh kejahatan yang terkumpul".{{sfn|Sellars|2013|p=165}} Pandangan standard pencerobohan adalah jenayah terhadap negara yang diserang, tetapi ia juga boleh dianggap sebagai jenayah terhadap individu yang terbunuh atau dicederakan akibat peperangan.

==Lihat juga==

* [[Tribunal antarabangsa khas untuk jenayah pencerobohan (pencerobohan Rusia ke atas Ukraine)]]
* [[Perang pencerobohan]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="UN_Kampala_amendments2010">{{cite web | title= Rome statute of the International Criminal Court – Rome, 17 July 1998 – Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Kampala, 11 June 2010 – Adoption of Amendments on the Crime of Aggression | website= [[United Nations]] |date = 2010-11-30 | url = https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2010/06/20100611%2005-56%20PM/CN.651.2010.pdf | access-date = 2022-08-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220424002310/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2010/06/20100611%2005-56%20PM/CN.651.2010.pdf |archive-date= 2022-04-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

==Sumber==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |title=The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967114-4 |language=en|chapter=The Crime of Aggression: From the Trial of Takashi Sakai, August 1946, to the Kampala Review Conference on the ICC in 2010|first=Roger S. |last=Clark| chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.001.0001/acprof-9780199671144-chapter-19}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=David |last2=Totani |first2=Yuma |title=The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: Law, History, and Jurisprudence |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-82068-4 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dannenbaum |first1=Tom |title=The Criminalization of Aggression and Soldiers' Rights |journal=European Journal of International Law |date=2018 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=859–886 |doi=10.1093/ejil/chy054|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book |title=The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967114-4 |language=en|chapter=‘Germans are the Lords and Poles are the Servants’: The Trial of Arthur Greiser in Poland, 1946 |first=Mark A. |last= Drumbl|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.001.0001/acprof-9780199671144-chapter-20}}
*{{cite book |last1=Heller |first1=Kevin Jon |title=The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955431-7 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Kemp |first1=Gerhard |title=Individual Criminal Liability for the International Crime of Aggression |date=2010 |publisher=Intersentia |isbn=978-94-000-0013-1 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |title=The Crime of Aggression: A Commentary |date= 2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor1-last=Kreß |editor1-first=Claus |editor2-last=Barriga |editor2-first=Stefan|last1=May|first1=Larry|isbn=978-1-107-01526-5 |pages=273–286 |chapter=Just War Theory and the Crime of Aggression}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sayapin |first1=Sergey |title=The Crime of Aggression in International Criminal Law: Historical Development, Comparative Analysis and Present State |date=2014 |publisher=[[T.M.C. Asser Press]] |isbn=978-90-6704-927-6 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sellars |first1=Kirsten |title='Crimes Against Peace' and International Law |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02884-5 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Soler |first1=Christopher |title=The Global Prosecution of Core Crimes under International Law |date=2019 |publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press |isbn=978-94-6265-335-1 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |title=The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967114-4 |language=en|chapter=The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial in 1945–6: The Limits of Ad Hoc Criminal Justice? |first=Immi |last= Tallgren |chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.001.0001/acprof-9780199671144-chapter-21}}
{{refend}}

==Bacaan lanjut==
*{{cite book |last1=Bock |first1=Stefanie |last2=Conze |first2=Eckart |title=Rethinking the Crime of Aggression: International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives |date=2021 |publisher=T.M.C. Asser Press |isbn=978-94-6265-467-9 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dannenbaum |first1=Tom |title=The Crime of Aggression, Humanity, and the Soldier |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-16918-0 |language=en|ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last1=Grzebyk |first1=Patrycja |title=Criminal Responsibility for the Crime of Aggression |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-00120-8 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Bing Bing |title=The Crime of Aggression as Custom and the Mechanisms for Determining Acts of Aggression |journal=American Journal of International Law |date=2015 |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=569–582 |doi=10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0569|s2cid=147754466 }}
*{{cite book |last1=McDougall |first1=Carrie |title=The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-86476-3 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Politi |first1=Mauro |title=The International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-21829-0 |language=en}}

== Pautan luar ==
*[https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/docs/RC-Res.6-ENG.pdf Resolution RC/Res.6] – Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression
*[https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/reviewconference/Pages/review%20conference.aspx Review Conference] – Official Site of the Assembly of States Parties
*[https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/reviewconference/Pages/crime%20of%20aggression.aspx Crime of Aggression] – Official Site of the Assembly of States Parties
*UN Treaty Collection (UTC) – Status of Acceptance, Ratification
** [http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10-a&chapter=18&lang=en 10 .a Amendment to article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]
** [http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10-b&chapter=18&lang=en 10 .b Amendments on the crime of aggression to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.]

{{Undang-Undang Jenayah Antarabangsa}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jenayah terhadap manusia]]
[[Category:Abad ke-20 dalam hubungan antarabangsa]]
[[Category:Undang-undang darurat]]
[[Category:Jenayah pencerobohan]]
[[Category:Jenayah perang]]