Pelaku ganas bukan negara
Pelaku ganas bukan negara (violent non-state actors atau VNSA), juga dikenali sebagai pelaku bersenjata bukan negara, adalah pelaku bukan negara, iaitu "individu atau organisasi yang mempunyai kuasa ekonomi, politik atau sosial dan boleh mempengaruhi di peringkat nasional dan kadangkala peringkat antarabangsa tetapi tidak tergolong atau bersekutu dengan mana-mana negara atau negeri tertentu,"[1] yang menggunakan keganasan dalam mengejar objektif mereka. Istilah ini telahpun digunakan dalam beberapa dokumen yang diterbitkan oleh Tentera AS.[2][3][4][5] Terdapat banyak sebab bagaimana pelaku ganas bukan negara berkembang.
Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]
Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Joey, "The Role of Non-state Actors in International Relations." N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2015.
- ^ Casebeer & Thomas 2002.
- ^ Bartolomei, Casebeer & Thomas 2004.
- ^ Thomas & Casebeer 2004.
- ^ Shultz, Farah & Lochard 2004.
Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Bartolomei, Jason; Casebeer, William; Thomas, Troy (November 2004). "Modeling Violent Non-State Actors: A Summary of Concepts and Methods" (PDF). IITA Research Publication, Information Series. Colorado: Institute for Information Technology Applications, United States Air Force Academy (4).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Casebeer, William, (USAF, USAF Academy); Thomas, Maj. Troy (USAF 1st Fighter Wing IN.) (December 2002). "Deterring Violent Non-State Actors in the New Millenium". Strategic Insights. I (10): [halaman diperlukan]. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 6, 2008.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Humanitarian Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups. Chatham House. Dicapai pada 6 July 2017.
- Jackson, A (2012). "Briefing Paper: Talking to the other side: Humanitarian engagement with armed non-state actors". Overseas Development Institute.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Thomas, Troy S.; Casebeer, William D. (March 2004). "Violent Non-State Actors: Countering Dynamic Systems" (PDF). Strategic Insights. III (3). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada March 1, 2009. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) - Shultz, Richard H.; Farah, Douglas; Lochard, Itamara V. (September 2004). "Armed Groups: A Tier-One Security Priority" (PDF). INSS Occasional Paper. USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy (57).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D.; Casebeer, William D. (August 2005). Warlords Rising: Confronting Violent Non-state Actors. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1190-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- (28 November 2008). "Violent Non-State Actors". International Relations and Security Network. Diarkibkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine
Bacaan lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Bryce, Hannah (2016). Humanitarian Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups.
- Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara (2017). Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The International Legal Framework.
- Jones, Kate (2017). Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The UK Regulatory Environment.
- Keatinge, Tom; Keen, Florence (2017). Humanitarian Action and Non-state Armed Groups: The Impact of Banking Restrictions on UK NGOs.
- Lewis, Patricia; Keatinge, Michael (2016). Towards a Principled Approach to Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups for Humanitarian Purposes.
- Mulaj, Klejda (2010). Violent Non-State Actors in World Politics. London: C Hurst & Co. ISBN 9781849040174.
- San-Akca, Belgin (2009). "Supporting Non-state Armed Groups (NAGs): A Resort to Illegality?". Journal of Strategic Studies. 32 (4): 589–613.
- Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D. (May 2002). Lords of the Silk Route: Violent Non-State Actors in Central Asia (PDF). INSS Occasional Paper 43. USAF Institute for National Security Studies USAF Academy, Colorado.