Penganiayaan Kristian di Empayar Rom

Orang Kristian dianiaya, secara sporadis dan biasanya secara tempatan, di seluruh Empayar Rom, bermula pada abad ke-1 Masihi dan berakhir pada abad ke-4. Pada asalnya sebuah empayar polytheistik dalam tradisi paganisme Rom dan agama Helenistik, ketika agama Kristian menyebar melalui empayar, ia bercanggah ideologi dengan kultus empayar Rom kuno. Amalan pagan seperti membuat pengorbanan kepada maharaja yang dituhankan atau tuhan-tuhan lain adalah kebencian bagi orang Kristian kerana kepercayaan mereka dilarang penyembahan berhala. Negara dan ahli masyarakat sivik yang lain menghukum orang Kristian kerana pengkhianatan, pelbagai jenayah yang dikhabarkan, perhimpunan haram, dan kerana memperkenalkan kultus asing yang membawa kepada [[murtad] Rom].^[1] Penganiayaan Neronian yang pertama dan setempat berlaku di bawah Maharaja Nero (r. 54–68) di Rom. Penganiayaan yang lebih umum berlaku semasa pemerintahan Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180).^[2] Selepas reda, penganiayaan diteruskan di bawah Maharaja Decius (r. 249–251) dan Trebonianus Gallus (r. 251–253). Penganiayaan Decian adalah sangat meluas. Penganiayaan Maharaja Valerian (r. 253–260) berhenti dengan penawanannya yang terkenal oleh Empayar Sasanian Shapur I (r. 240–270) pada Pertempuran Edessa semasa Peperangan Rom–Persia. Penggantinya, Gallienus (r. 253–268), menghentikan penganiayaan.

Augustus Diocletian (r. 283–305) memulakan Penganiayaan Diocletianic, penganiayaan umum terakhir terhadap orang Kristian, yang terus dikuatkuasakan di beberapa bahagian. empayar sehingga Augustus Galerius (r. 310–313) mengeluarkan Edict of Serdica dan Augustus Maximinus Daia (r. 310–313 ) meninggal dunia. Selepas Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) menewaskan pesaingnya Maxentius (r. 306–312) di Battle of the Milvian Bridge di Oktober 312, dia dan maharaja bersamanya, Licinius, mengeluarkan Edict of Milan (313), yang membenarkan semua agama, termasuk Kristian, untuk diterima.

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^ Benko, Stephhen (1986). Pagan Rome and the Early Christians, Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253203854
^ Bibliowicz 2019, m/s. 42. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBibliowicz2019 (help)

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

Barnes, T.D. (1968). "Legislation Against the Christians." Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. 58.
Brent, Allen (1999). The Imperial Cult and the Development of Church Order: Concepts and Images of Authority in Paganism and Early Christianity Before the Age of Cyprian. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11420-3.
Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). "To Live and Die for Jesus: Social and Political Consequences of Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity". How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans. m/s. 56–82. ISBN 978-0-8028-2861-3.
Middleton, Paul (2015). "Noble Death Or Death Cult? Pagan Criticism of Early Christian Martyrdom". Dalam Labahn, Michael; Lehtipuu, Outi (penyunting). People under Power: Early Jewish and Christian Responses to the Roman Empire. Early Christianity in the Roman World. 1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. m/s. 205–228. doi:10.1515/9789048521999-009. ISBN 9789048521999.
Moss, Candida (2013). The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-210452-6.
Frend, W.H.C. (1965). Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of a Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.
Fox, Robin Lane (1986). Pagans and Christians. Viking. ISBN 0-670-80848-2.
Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). Jewish-Christian Relations-The First Centuries. WA: Mascarat. ISBN 978-1513616483.
de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. (2006). "Why Were The Early Christians Persecuted?". A Journal of Historical Studies, 1963: 6–38. Page references in this article relate to a reprint of this essay in Whitby, Michael, penyunting (2006). Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, And Orthodoxy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927812-1.

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Sources[sunting | sunting sumber]

Barnes, T.D. (1968). "Legislation Against the Christians." Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. 58.
Brent, Allen (1999). The Imperial Cult and the Development of Church Order: Concepts and Images of Authority in Paganism and Early Christianity Before the Age of Cyprian. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11420-3.
Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). "To Live and Die for Jesus: Social and Political Consequences of Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity". How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, UK: Wm. B. Eerdmans. m/s. 56–82. ISBN 978-0-8028-2861-3.
Middleton, Paul (2015). "Noble Death Or Death Cult? Pagan Criticism of Early Christian Martyrdom". Dalam Labahn, Michael; Lehtipuu, Outi (penyunting). People under Power: Early Jewish and Christian Responses to the Roman Empire. Early Christianity in the Roman World. 1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. m/s. 205–228. doi:10.1515/9789048521999-009. ISBN 9789048521999.
Moss, Candida (2013). The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-210452-6.
Frend, W.H.C. (1965). Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of a Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.
Fox, Robin Lane (1986). Pagans and Christians. Viking. ISBN 0-670-80848-2.
Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). Jewish-Christian Relations-The First Centuries. WA: Mascarat. ISBN 978-1513616483.
de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. (2006). "Why Were The Early Christians Persecuted?". A Journal of Historical Studies, 1963: 6–38. Page references in this article relate to a reprint of this essay in Whitby, Michael, penyunting (2006). Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, And Orthodoxy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927812-1.

External links[sunting | sunting sumber]

[1] Benko, Stephhen (1986). Pagan Rome and the Early Christians, Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253203854

[FOOTNOTEBibliowicz201942-2] Bibliowicz 2019, m/s. 42. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBibliowicz2019 (help)

[1]

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