Avatar (pengkomputan)

Dalam pengkomputeran, avatar ialah perwakilan grafik pengguna atau watak atau persona pengguna. Ia mungkin mengambil sama ada bentuk dua dimensi sebagai ikon dalam forum Internet dan komuniti dalam talian yang lain^[1]^[2] (di mana ia juga dikenali sebagai gambar profil atau userpic) atau bentuk tiga dimensi,^[3] seperti dalam permainan atau dunia maya. Imej avatar juga telah dirujuk sebagai "pikon" (ikon peribadi)^[4] pada masa lalu, walaupun penggunaan istilah ini jarang berlaku sekarang. Avatar juga boleh merujuk kepada binaan teks yang terdapat pada sistem awal seperti MUD. Istilah "avatar" juga boleh merujuk kepada personaliti yang berkaitan dengan nama skrin, atau pemegang, pengguna Internet.^[5]

Kemunculan platform media sosial seperti Facebook di mana pengguna biasanya tidak dikenali membawa kepada penggunaan gambar profil secara meluas yang memaparkan foto diri sendiri pada platform tersebut,^[6]^[7] kadangkala dengan penapis.^[8]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Petikan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Fink, Jeri. Cyberseduction: Reality in the Age of Psychotechnology. Prometheus Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57392-743-0
^ Blackwood, Kevin. Casino Gambling For Dummies. For Dummies, 2006. p.284. ISBN 0-471-75286-X
^ Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 0-465-03913-8
^ Kinzler, Steve. "Picons". Picons Archive. Dicapai pada 24 May 2014.
^ Jordan, Tim. Cyberpower: The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-17078-8
^ Lee, Kevan (25 March 2015). "What Research Says About the Best Profile Picture | Buffer". Buffer Marketing Library. Dicapai pada 11 May 2020.
^ Golby, Joel (9 July 2016). "What Your Facebook Profile Photo Says About You". Vice (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 11 May 2020.
^ Dewey, Caitlin (June 29, 2015). "More than 26 million people have changed their Facebook picture to a rainbow flag. Here's why that matters". Washington Post (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 11 May 2020.

Rujukan umum[sunting | sunting sumber]

Fox, J.; Ahn, S. J.; Janssen, J. H.; Yeykelis, L.; Segovia, K. Y.; Bailenson, J. N. (2015). "Avatars versus agents: A metaanalysis quantifying the effects of agency on social influence". Human-Computer Interaction. 30: 401–432. doi:10.1080/07370024.2014.921494.
Gong, L (2008). "How social is social responses to computers? The function of the degree of anthropomorphism in computer representations". Computers in Human Behavior. 24: 1494–1509. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.05.007.
Heyselaar, E.; Hagoort, P.; Segaert, K. (2017). "In dialogue with an avatar, language behavior is identical to dialogue with a human partner". Behavior Research Methods. 49: 46–60. doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0688-7.
Kang, S. H.; Watt, J. H. (2013). "The Impact of Avatar Realism and Anonymity on Effective Communication via Mobile Devices". Computers in Human Behavior. 29: 1169–1181. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.010.
Nowak, K. L.; Fox, J. (2018). "Avatars and Computer-Mediated Communication: A Review of the Definitions, Uses, and Effects of Digital Representations". Review of Communication Research. 6: 30–53. doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2018.06.01.015.
Westerman, D.; Tamborini, R.; Bowman, N. D. (2015). "The effects of static avatars on impression formation across different contexts on social networking sites". Computers in Human Behavior. 53: 111–117. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.026.

Bacaan lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]

Cooper, Robbie 2007. Alter Ego: Avatars and Their Creators. London: Chris Boot. ISBN 978-1-905712-02-1.
Holzwarth, Martin; Janiszewski, Chris; Neumann, Marcus (2006). "The Influence of Avatars on Online Consumer Shopping Behavior". Journal of Marketing. 70: 19–36. doi:10.1509/jmkg.70.4.19.
Nowak, K. L.; Fox, J. (2018). "Avatars and Computer-Mediated Communication: A Review of the Definitions, Uses, and Effects of Digital Representations". Review of Communication Research. 6: 30–53. doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2018.06.01.015.
Sloan, R. J. S., Robinson, B., Cook, M., and Bown, J. (2008). "Dynamic Emotional Expression Choreography: Perception of Naturalistic Facial Expressions". In M. Capey, B. Ip and F. Blastland, editors, SAND Conference Proceedings, Swansea, UK 24–28 November 2008. Swansea Metropolitan University: Swansea.
Wood, Natalie T.; Solomon, Michael R.; Englis, Basil G. (2005). "Personalization of Online Avatars: Is the Messenger as Important as the Message?". International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising. 2 (1/2): 143–161. doi:10.1504/ijima.2005.007509.

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Avatars di Curlie

[1] Fink, Jeri. Cyberseduction: Reality in the Age of Psychotechnology. Prometheus Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57392-743-0

[2] Blackwood, Kevin. Casino Gambling For Dummies. For Dummies, 2006. p.284. ISBN 0-471-75286-X

[3] Lessig, Lawrence. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 0-465-03913-8

[4] Kinzler, Steve. "Picons". Picons Archive. Dicapai pada 24 May 2014.

[5] Jordan, Tim. Cyberpower: The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-415-17078-8

[BestProfilePicture-6] Lee, Kevan (25 March 2015). "What Research Says About the Best Profile Picture | Buffer". Buffer Marketing Library. Dicapai pada 11 May 2020.

[7] Golby, Joel (9 July 2016). "What Your Facebook Profile Photo Says About You". Vice (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 11 May 2020.

[Rainbow-8] Dewey, Caitlin (June 29, 2015). "More than 26 million people have changed their Facebook picture to a rainbow flag. Here's why that matters". Washington Post (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 11 May 2020.

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