Jacob L. Devers

Jeneral
Jacob L. Devers
Jeneral; Jacob L. Devers
	Devers pada 1945
Nama lahir	Jacob Loucks Devers
Nama samaran	"Jamie", "Jake"
Kelahiran	8 September 1887; York, Pennsylvania, United States
Meninggal dunia	15 Oktober 1979 (umur 92); Washington, D.C., United States
Disemadikan	Arlington National Cemetery
Kesetiaan	Amerika Syarikat
Perkhidmatan	Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat
Tahun perkhidmatan	1909–1949
Pangkat	Jeneral
Jumlah perkhidmatan	0-2599
Unit	Artileri Medan
Arahan	Rejimen 1 Artileri Medan; Batalion 1, Rejimen Ke-16 Artileri Medan; Batalion Ke-2, Rejimen Ke-6 Artileri Medan; Divisyen Ke-9 Infantri; Sekolah Armor; Kancah Operasi Eropah, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat; Kancah Operasi Afrika Utara, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat; Kumpulan Tentera Darat Keenam; Angkatan Tentera Darat; Angkatan Medan Tentera Darat
Pertempuran	Perang Dunia I; Perang Dunia II Pertempuran Monte Cassino; Operasi Dragoon; Operasi Nordwind; Kelompok Colmar; Penyeberangan Sungai Rhine; Pencerobohan Sekutu Barat ke atas Jerman;
Anugerah	Army Distinguished Service Medal (3); Navy Distinguished Service Medal; Bronze Star;
Tugas lain	Eksekutif perniagaan; Pengerusi, American Battle Monuments Commission

Jacob Loucks Devers (/ˈdɛvərz/; 8 September 1887 – 15 Oktober 1979) adalah seorang Jeneral dalam Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat yang memerintah Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-6 di Kancah Eropah semasa Perang Dunia II. Beliau turut terlibat dalam pembangunan dan penggunaan berbagai senjata, termasuk kereta kebal M4 Sherman dan kereta kebal M26 Pershing, trak amfibia DUKW, helikopter Bell H-13 Sioux dan raifal tempur M16.

Berkelulusan Akademi Tentera Amerika Syarikat, Devers telah ditauliahkan dalam artileri medan pada tahun 1909. Semasa Perang Dunia I, beliau merupakan seorang jurulatih di Sekolah Artileri di Fort Sill, Oklahoma, dan tidak berkhidmat di Perancis sehingga selepas gencatan senjata 11 November yang mengakhiri peperangan, apabila beliau mengikuti sekolah artileri Perancis di Treves. Di zaman antara dua perang dunia beliau adalah penyokong kuat penjenteraan pada ketika idea menghentikan penggunaan kuda menghadapi tentangan kuat daripada pegawai meriam yang konservatif.

Apabila Perang Dunia II meletus di Eropah, Devers telah ditempatkan di Panama. Beliau telah dinaikkan pangkat ke Mejar Jeneral pada Oktober 1940 dan mengambil alih pemerintahan Divisyen Ke-9 Infantri yang baru dibentuk di Fort Bragg, North Carolina, iaitu sebuah pangkalan dibina atas seliaannya. Dilantik Ketua Pasukan Armor pada Ogos 1941, beliau menyelia pembesarannya dari empat divisyen armor kepada 16. Beliau adalah seorang penyokong kuat doktrin taktikal gabungan tempur yang baru muncul, dan menolak doktrin Amerika yang menyatakan bahawa kereta kebal adalah untuk di eksploitasi, bukan untuk melawan kereta kebal lain. Beliau menekan industri Amerika untuk menghasilkan enjin yang lebih berkuasa, dan, selalu melawan pandangan pegawai atasannya, menekankan pembangunan M4 Sherman, sejenis kereta kebal medium dengan meriam 75mm. Tidak berpuas hati dengan Sherman, beliau menyeru penghasilan kereta kebal yang lebih bersenjata dan berperisai. Beliau meminta 250 buah kereta kebal M26 Pershing baru untuk Operasi Overlord, tetapi telah ditolak.

Pada bulan Mei 1943, Devers menjadi Panglima Kancah Operasi Eropah, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat (ETOUSA). Tugas utamanya ialah menyelia persiapan rancangan yang terperinci dan penambahan anggota dan material untuk Overlord, dan menyokong Gabungan Serangan Pengebom. Beliau bertelingkah dengan Jeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower tentang pengubahan sumber-sumber ETOUSA ke Kancah Operasi Afrika Utara Eisenhower. Eisenhower menggantikan beliau sebagai Panglima ETOUSA pada Januari 1944, dan Devers pergi ke Mediterranean sebagai Panglima Kancah Operasi Afrika Utara, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat (NATOUSA), dan Timbalan Pemerintah Bersekutu Tertinggi, Kancah Mediterranean, dibawah Jeneral British Sir Henry Maitland Wilson. Devers terlibat dalam penyusunan, perancangan dan kepimpinan Operasi Dragoon, iaitu penyerbuan Bersekutu diselatan Perancis pada bulan Ogos 1944. Beliau memimpin Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-6 di Perancis dan Jerman melalui Rhine, serangan balas Jerman dalam Operasi Northwind, iaitu operasi untuk mengecilkan Kelompok Colmar dan Pencerobohan Sekutu Barat ke atas Jerman.

Bertentangan dengan pilihan Eisenhower, Devers telah dinaikkan pangkat ke Jeneral penuh pada 8 Mac 1945 mendahului Carl Spaatz, Omar Bradley dan George S. Patton. Oleh itu, beliau kekal sebagai pegawai kedua tertinggi Amerika di Eropah selepas Eisenhower. Selepas perang beliau memerintah Angkatan Medan Tentera Darat AS.

Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat[sunting | sunting sumber]

Insignia	Pangkat	Komponen	Tarikh	Rujukan
Tiada insignia pada 1909	Leftenan Kedua	Tentera Darat Tetap	11 Jun 1909	^[2]
	Leftenan Pertama	Tentera Darat Tetap	1 April 1916	^[2]
	Kapten	Tentera Darat Tetap	15 Mei 1917	^[2]
	Mejar	Tentera Darat Kebangsaan	5 Ogos 1917	^[2]
	Leftenan Kolonel	Tentera Darat Kebangsaan	30 Julai 1918	^[2]
	Kolonel	Tentera Darat Kebangsaan	24 Oktober 1918	^[2]
	Kembali ke pangkat substantif kapten	Tentera Darat Tetap	20 Ogos 1919	^[2]
	Mejar	Tentera Darat Tetap	1 Julai 1920	^[3]
	Leftenan Kolonel	Tentera Darat Tetap	26 Februari 1934	^[4]
	Kolonel	Tentera Darat Tetap	1 Julai 1938	^[4]
	Brigedier Jeneral	Tentera Darat Tetap	1 Mei 1940	^[5]
	Mejar Jeneral	Tentera Darat A.S.	1 Oktober 1940	^[5]
	Mejar Jeneral	Tentera Darat Tetap	22 Februari 1941	^[5]
	Leftenan Jeneral	Tentera Darat A.S.	6 September 1942	^[5]
	Jeneral	Tentera Darat A.S.	8 Mac 1945	^[5]

Pingat dan darjah kebesaran[sunting | sunting sumber]

Anugerah tentera A.S.
	Army Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf cluster	^[1]
	Navy Distinguished Service Medal	^[1]
	Bronze Star Medal	^[5]
Pingat Jasa Tentera A.S.
	World War I Victory Medal	^[6]
	Army of Occupation of Germany Medal	^[6]
	American Defense Service Medal	^[6]
	American Campaign Medal	^[6]
	European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with five service stars	^[6]
	World War II Victory Medal	^[6]
	Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp	^[6]
Anugerah Asing dan Antarabangsa
	Grand Officer of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (Argentina)	^[7]
	Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)	^[5]
	Croix de guerre with palm (Belgium)	^[5]
	Order of Military Merit, Grand Cross (Brazil)	^[5]
	Star of Gold (Chile)	^[5]
	Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile (Egypt)	^[5]
	Legion of Honor, Grand Officer (France)	^[5]
	Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with palm (France)	^[5]
	Order of the Bath, Knight Commander (United Kingdom)	^[5]
	Order of Military Merit (1st Class) (Mexico)	^[5]
	Order of Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross (Poland)	^[5]

Nota kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Valor awards for Jacob L. Devers". Military Times. Dicapai pada 25 October 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cullum 1920, m/s. 1429.
^ Cullum 1930, m/s. 837.
^ ^a ^b Cullum 1940, m/s. 217.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Cullum 1950, m/s. 132.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "GEN Jacob Loucks Devers". TogetherWeServed –. Dicapai pada 30 October 2015.
^ "Statute 72" (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. 27 August 1958. Dicapai pada 30 October 2015.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Adams, John A. (2015). General Jacob Devers: World War II's Forgotten Four Star. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01517-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine (1996). The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The US Armed Forces. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29546-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Armored Force (1942). Armored Force Field Manual FM 17–10. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. Dicapai pada 22 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Blumenson, Martin (1969). Salerno to Cassino (PDF). United States Army in World War II: The Mediterranean Theater of Operations. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. OCLC 22107. Dicapai pada 19 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Brown, Matthew J. (2001). Strategic Leadership Assessment of General Jacob L. Devers. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: United States Army War College. Dicapai pada 18 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Calhoun, Mark T. (2015). General Lesley J. McNair: Unsung Architect of the US Army. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2069-2. OCLC 895730835.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Cameron, Robert Stewart (2008). Mobility, Shock and Firepower: The Emergence of the U.S. Army's Armored Branch 1917–1945 (PDF). Washington, DC: Center of Military History U.S. Army. Dicapai pada 18 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Clark, Mark (1950). Calculated Risk. New York City: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 358946.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. ISBN 0-7948-3771-9. Dicapai pada 25 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Colley, David P. (2008). Decision at Strasbourg: Ike's Strategic Mistake to Halt the Sixth Army Group at the Rhine in 1944. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-57488-173-8. OCLC 221961610.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Cullum, George W. (1920). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York since its Establishment in 1802: Supplement 1910–1920 (PDF). VI. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2010-05-31. Dicapai pada 13 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Cullum, George W. (1930). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York since its Establishment in 1802: Supplement 1920–1930. VII. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Dicapai pada 13 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Cullum, George W. (1940). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York since its Establishment in 1802: Supplement 1930–1940. VII. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Dicapai pada 13 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Cullum, George W. (1950). Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York since its Establishment in 1802: Supplement 1940–1950. IX. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press. Dicapai pada 13 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gabel, Christopher (1992). The U.S. Army GHQ Maneuvers of 1941 (PDF). Washington, DC: Center of Military History U.S. Army. ISBN 978-0-16-061295-4. OCLC 71320615. Dicapai pada 19 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gorman, Paul F. (1992). The Secret of Future Victories: IDA Paper P-2653 (PDF). Washington, DC: Institute for Defense Analyses. OCLC 65524027. Dicapai pada 20 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Green, Constance McLaughlin; Thomson, Harry C.; Roots, Peter C. (1955). The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War (PDF). United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. OCLC 18105901. Dicapai pada 20 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Greenfield, Kent; Palmer, Robert R.; Wiley, Bell I. (1947). The Organization of Ground Combat Troops (PDF). United States Army in World War II: The Army Ground Forces. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 6993009. Dicapai pada 19 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Harrison, Gordon A. (1951). Cross Channel Attack. United States Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 1350280. Dicapai pada 19 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
MacDonald, Charles B. (1973). The Last Offensive (PDF). The United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-486-45556-3. Dicapai pada 29 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Markey, Michael A. (1998). Jake: The General from West York Avenue. York, Pennsylvania: The Historical Society of York County. OCLC 40560577.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Matloff, Maurice (1959). Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943–1944. United States Army in World War II: The War Department. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. OCLC 8749622. Dicapai pada 19 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Moenk, Jean (1972). A History of Command and Control of Army Forces in the Continental United States 1919–1972. Fort Monroe, Virginia: Headquarters, United States Continental Army Command. OCLC 2558286.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Palmer, Robert R.; Wiley, Bell I.; Keast, William R. (1948). The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops (PDF). The United States Army in World War II: The Army Ground Forces. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military. OCLC 1313266. Dicapai pada 19 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1953). Logistical Support of the Armies: May 1941 – September 1944 (PDF). I. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. OCLC 313303609. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2016-03-04. Dicapai pada 24 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ruppenthal, Roland G. (1959). Logistical Support of the Armies: September 1944– May 1945 (PDF). II. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. OCLC 8743709. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2016-03-04. Dicapai pada 24 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Taaffe, Stephen R. (2011). Marshall and his Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1812-5. OCLC 714731520.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Thompson, Harry C.; Mayo, Lida (2003). The Ordnance Department Procurement and Supply (PDF). The United States Army in World War II: The Technical Services. Washington, DC: Center of Military History United States Army. OCLC 53405948. Dicapai pada 18 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Watson, Mark Skinner (1950). Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations. United States Army in World War II: The War Department. Washington, DC: The War Department Office of Military History. OCLC 67938871. Dicapai pada 18 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Wheeler, James Scott (2015). Jacob L. Devers: A General's Life. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6602-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Yeide, Harry (2004). The Tank Killers: a History of America's World War II Tank Destroyer Force. Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate. ISBN 978-1-932033-26-7. OCLC 58482351.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Zaloga, Steve (2008). Armored Thunderbolt: the U.S. Army Sherman in World War II. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0424-3. OCLC 191318149.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Papers of Jacob L. Devers Diarkibkan 2016-04-18 di Wayback Machine, York County Heritage Trust
Research Papers of Thomas E. Griess Diarkibkan 2016-04-18 di Wayback Machine, York County Heritage Trust – a major collection of research materials related to Jacob L. Devers
Papers of Jacob L. Devers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Diarkibkan 2016-03-17 di Wayback Machine

Pegawai tentera
Didahului oleh Frank M. Andrews	Panglima Tentera Darat Eropah Amerika Syarikat 7 Mei 1943 hingga 16 Januari 1944	Diikuti oleh: Dwight D. Eisenhower
Didahului oleh Joseph W. Stilwell	Panglima Angkatan Tempur Tentera Darat A.S. 29 Jun 1945 hingga 9 Mac 1948	Diikuti oleh: menjadi Angkatan Medan Tentera Darat
Didahului oleh merupakan Angkatan Tempur Tentera Darat	Panglima Angkatan Medan Tentera Darat 10 Mac 1948 hingga 10 September 1949	Diikuti oleh: Mark W. Clark

[Military_Times-1] "Valor awards for Jacob L. Devers". Military Times. Dicapai pada 25 October 2015.

[FOOTNOTECullum19201429-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cullum 1920, m/s. 1429.

[FOOTNOTECullum1930837-3] Cullum 1930, m/s. 837.

[FOOTNOTECullum1940217-4] Cullum 1940, m/s. 217.

[FOOTNOTECullum1950132-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Cullum 1950, m/s. 132.

[TogetherWeServed-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "GEN Jacob Loucks Devers". TogetherWeServed –. Dicapai pada 30 October 2015.

[Statute-72-7] "Statute 72" (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. 27 August 1958. Dicapai pada 30 October 2015.

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Kawalan kewibawaan
Umum	ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat Identities 1
Perpustakaan negara	Perancis (data) Jerman Amerika Syarikat
Lain-lain	Aplikasi Berfaset Terminologi Subjek Arkib Negara (A.S.) Rangkaian Sosial dan Konteks Arkib