Malam Guy Fawkes

Perayaan di Windsor Castle oleh Paul Sandby, sekitar 1776

Malam Guy Fawkes, juga dikenali Guy Fawkes Day dan Malam Bonfire, adalah satu peringatan tahunan yang diperhatikan pada 5 November, terutamanya di Great Britain. Sejarahnya bermula dengan peristiwa-peristiwa 5 November 1605, apabila Guy Fawkes, seorang anggota serbuk letupan Plot, telah ditangkap pada masa yang sama menjaga bahan letupan yang menggagalkan tipu daya yang telah diletakkan di bawah Dewan Pertuanan. Meraikan hakikat bahawa Raja James I telah terselamat daripada cubaan ke atas hidupnya, orang menyalakan unggun api di sekitar London, dan bulan kemudian pengenalan Pematuhan Pematuhan November 5 Akta dikuatkuasakan hari tahunan awam kesyukuran kerana gagal plot.

Pengkhianatan Hari serbuk gunpowder dalam tempoh beberapa dekad, sebagaimana ia dikenali, menjadi peringatan negeri Inggeris yang berpengaruh, tetapi kerana ia membawa berbau agama yang kukuh, ia juga menjadi tumpuan untuk sentimen anti-Katolik. Puritan menghantar khutbah mengenai bahaya tanggapan popery, manakala semasa perayaan yang semakin serak orang-orang biasa terbakar stupa masyhur membenci-angka, seperti paus. Menjelang akhir laporan abad ke-18 muncul kanak-kanak yang mengemis untuk wang dengan stupa Maito Hedwig dan 5 November secara beransur-ansur menjadi dikenali sebagai Hari Guy Fawkes. Bandar-bandar itu sebagaimana Lewes dan Guildford dalam babak abad ke-19 semakin konfrontasi ganas berasaskan kelas, memupuk tradisi orang-orang bandar merayakan masih, walaupun secara aman. Pada 1850-an mengubah sikap akhirnya menyebabkan toning turun banyak retorik anti-Katolik pada hari itu, dan pada tahun 1859 1606 undang-undang asal dimansuhkan. Akhirnya, keganasan yang diperkatakan, dan oleh Hari Guy Fawkes abad ke-20 telah menjadi satu peringatan sosial yang menyeronokkan, walaupun tidak banyak fokus asal. Hari ini Malam Guy Fawkes biasanya dirayakan di acara-acara besar yang dianjurkan, yang berpusat di sekeliling unggun api dan mewah bunga api dipaparkan.

Peneroka dieksport Malam Guy Fawkes tanah jajahan di luar negara, termasuk di Amerika Utara, di mana ia telah dikenali sebagai Hari Pope. Mereka perayaan berhenti dengan bermulanya Revolusi Amerika Syarikat, walaupun sambutan terus dalam beberapa Komanwel negara-negara. Tuntutan bahawa Guy Fawkes Night gantian Protestan untuk kastam yang lebih tua seperti samhain dipertikaikan, walaupun satu lagi perayaan lama, Halloween, telah sejak akhir-akhir ini meningkat popular, dan menurut sesetengah penulis, boleh mengancam pematuhan berterusan 5 November.

Lihat juga

Portal Perayaan

• Bonfire toffee
• Sussex Bonfire Societies
• West Country Carnival
• Push penny

Rujukan

Notes

Catatan kaki

Bibliografi

• Anon (1859), The law journal for the year 1832–1949, XXXVII, E. B. Ince, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mHoDAAAAQAAJ 
• Berlant, Lauren Gail (1991), The anatomy of national fantasy: Hawthorne, Utopia, and everyday life, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-04377-0, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jtRC6wAGeGoC 
• Bohstedt, John (2010), The Politics of Provisions: Food Riots, Moral Economy, and Market Transition in England, C. 1550-1850, Surrey & London: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0-7546-6581-X, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ECGpVNxdzDIC 
• Cressy, David (1992), "The Fifth of November Remembered", in Roy Porter, Myths of the English, Cambridge: Polity Press, ISBN 0-7456-0844-2 
• Fraser, Antonia (2005) [1996], The Gunpowder Plot, London: Phoenix, ISBN 0-7538-1401-3 
• Fuchs, Lawrence H. (1990), The American kaleidoscope: race, ethnicity, and the civic culture, Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, ISBN 0-8195-6250-5, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vN7u-ZWC7VkC 
• Hutton, Ronald (2001), The stations of the sun: a history of the ritual year in Britain (reprinted, illustrated ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285448-8, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0WhvTFmRDCQC 
• Kaufman, Jason Andrew (2009), The origins of Canadian and American political differences, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-03136-9, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nC6piY4KaLQC 
• Opie, Iona and Peter (1961), The Language and Lore of Schoolchildren, Oxford: Clarendon Press 
• Pratt, Lynda (2006), Robert Southey and the contexts of English Romanticism, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0-7546-3046-3, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sVgRKr24Hu0C& 
• Rogers, Nicholas (2003), Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-1951-6896-8, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC 
• Sharpe, J. A. (2005), Remember, remember: a cultural history of Guy Fawkes Day, London: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01935-0, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hYYSKgMpAxIC 
• Tager, Jack (2001), Boston riots: three centuries of social violence, Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, ISBN 1-55553-461-9, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Yq74VlJNyQoC 
• Underdown, David (1987), Revel, riot, and rebellion: popular politics and culture in England 1603–1660 (reprinted, illustrated ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285193-4, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tFeBBhZU_wMC 

Bacaan lebih lanjut

• For information on Pope Day as it was observed in Boston, see 5th of November in Boston, The Bostonian Society, http://display.5thofnovember.us/ 
• For information on Bonfires in Newfoundland and Labrador, see Bonfire Night, collections.mun.ca, http://collections.mun.ca/cdm4/description.php?phpReturn=browse.php&cisoroot=ich_bonfire 
• To read further on England's tradition of Protestant holidays, see Cressy, David (1989), Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-06940-4 . Cressy covers the same topic in Cressy, David (1994), "National Memory in Early Modern England", in John R. Gillis, Commemorations - The Politics of National Identity, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-02925-3, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WAB4sd2nFyMC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61 
• For anecdotal evidence of the origins of Guy Fawkes Night as celebrated in the Bahamas in the 1950s, see Crowley, Daniel J. (July 1958), "158. Guy Fawkes Day at Fresh Creek, Andros Island, Bahamas", Man (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, hosted at jstor.org) 58: pp. 114–115, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2796328 
• A short history of Guy Fawkes celebrations: Etherington, Jim (1993), Lewes Bonfire Night, Seaford: SB Publications, ISBN 1-85770-050-3 
• Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (2009), History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War 1603–1642 (8), BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 1115266500, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gINIcjmpvOUC 
• An online newspaper report bemoaning the declining popularity of Guy Fawkes effigies in 20th-century England: Letts, Quentin (5 November 2009), Where have all the Guys gone? QUENTIN LETTS'S nostalgia for the fantastic Bonfire Night effigies of yesteryear, dailymail.co.uk, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1225322/Guy-Fawkes-QUENTIN-LETTSS-nostalgia-fantastic-Bonfire-Night-effigies-yesteryear.html, capaian 11 November 2010 
• For comments regarding the observance of the custom in the Caribbean, see Newall, Venetia (Spring 1975), "Black Britain: The Jamaicans and Their Folklore", Folklore, number 1 (Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Folklore Enterprises, Ltd, hosted at jstor.org) 86: pp. 25–41, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1259683 
• A study of the political and social changes which affected Guy Fawkes Night: Paz, D. G. (1990), "Bonfire Night in Mid Victorian Northamptonshire: the Politics of a Popular Revel", Historical Research 63 (152): 316–328, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1990.tb00892.x 

Pautan luar

• Media berkenaan Guy Fawkes Night di Wikimedia Commons.

Templat:Gunpowder Plot