Pengguna:SNN95/Kotak pasir/Fir

Fir; Julat zaman: 49–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Kon dan dedaun Fir Korea (Abies koreana)
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Tumbuhan
Divisi:	Pinophyta
Kelas:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Keluarga:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Abies; Mill.
Spesies
	Lihat teks

Templat:Other uses2

Fir (Abies) adalah genus daripada 48–55 spesies malar hijau pokok konifer in the keluarga Pinaceae. Sesiesini banyak didapati di Amerika Tengah dan Utara, Europah, Asia, dan Afrika Utara, occurring in mountains over most of the range. Firs are most closely related to the genus Cedrus (cedar). Douglas firs are not true firs, being of the genus Pseudotsuga.

All native species reach heights of 10–80 m (33–262 ka) tall and trunk diameters of 0.5–4 m (1 ka 8 in–13 ka 1 in) when mature. Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the unique attachment of their needle-like leaves and by their different cones.

Identification of the species is based on the size and arrangement of the leaves, the size and shape of the cones, and whether the bract scales of the cones are long and exserted, or short and hidden inside the cone.

Leaves[sunting | sunting sumber]

*A. grandis* foliage - upper side of the leaves

Firs can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the unique attachment of their needle-like leaves to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup.

The leaves are significantly flattened, sometimes even look like pressed (A. sibirica).

They have 2 whitish strips on the bottom, each of which is formed by wax-covered stomatal bands. The upper surface of leaves usually is uniformly green, shining, without stomata or only with few at their tips, visible as whitish spots. Some of species however have upper surface of leaves dull, gray-green, bluish-gray to silvery, coated by wax with variable number of stomatal bands, not always continuous. An example species from first group is A. alba, second one A. concolor.

Tips of leaves are usually less or more notched (A. firma), sometimes rounded or dull (A. concolor, A. magnifica) or sharp and prickly (A. bracteata, A. cephalonica, A. holophylla). More sharp are leaves of young plants.

The way they spread from the shoot is very diverse, only in some of species comb-shaped, with the leaves arranged on two sides, flat (A. alba) ^[2]

Cones[sunting | sunting sumber]

Firs differ from other conifers in having erect, cylindrical cones 5–25 cm (2.0–9.8 in) long that disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds.

In contrast to spruce, even large fir cones do not hang, but are raised like candles.

Mature cones are usually brown, young in summer can be green, for example:

A. grandis, A. holophylla, A. nordmanniana

or purple and blue, sometimes very dark:

A. fraseri, A. homolepis (var. umbellata green), A. koreana ('Flava' green), A. lasiocarpa, A. nephrolepis (f. chlorocarpa green), A. sibirica, A. veitchii (var. olivacea green). ^[2]

Classification[sunting | sunting sumber]

Section Abies (central, south & east Europe, Asia Minor)
- Abies alba—silver fir
- Abies nebrodensis—Sicilian fir
- Abies borisii-regis—Bulgarian fir
- Abies cephalonica—Greek fir
- Abies nordmanniana—Nordmann fir or Caucasian fir
  - Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani—Kazdağı fir, Turkish fir
  - Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana—Uludağ fir
- Abies pinsapo—Spanish fir
  - Abies pinsapo var. marocana—Moroccan fir
- Abies numidica—Algerian fir
- Abies cilicica—Syrian fir

Section Balsamea (Taiga|boreal Asia and North America, and high mountains further south)
- Abies fraseri—Fraser fir
- Abies balsamea—balsam fir
  - Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis—bracted balsam fir
- Abies lasiocarpa—subalpine fir
  - Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica—corkbark fir
  - Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia—Rocky Mountains subalpine fir
- Abies sibirica—Siberian fir
  - Abies sibirica var. semenovii—
- Abies sachalinensis—Sakhalin fir
- Abies koreana—Korean fir
- Abies nephrolepis—Khinghan fir
- Abies veitchii—Veitch's fir
  - Abies veitchii var. sikokiana—Shikoku fir

Section Grandis (western North America to Mexico and Guatemala, lowlands in north, moderate altitudes in south)
- Abies grandis—grand fir or giant fir
  - Abies grandis var. idahoensis—interior grand fir or giant fir
- Abies concolor—white fir
  - Abies concolor subsp. lowiana—Low's white fir
- Abies durangensis—Durango fir
  - Abies durangensis var. coahuilensis—Coahuila fir
- Abies flinckii—Jalisco fir
- Abies guatemalensis—Guatemalan fir

Section Momi (east & central Asia, Himalaya, generally at low to moderate altitudes)
- Abies kawakamii—Taiwan fir
- Abies homolepis—Nikko fir
- Abies recurvata—Min fir
  - Abies recurvata var. ernestii—Min fir
- Abies firma—Momi fir
- Abies beshanzuensis—Baishanzu fir
- Abies holophylla—Manchurian fir
- Abies chensiensis—Shensi fir
  - Abies chensiensis subsp. salouenensis—Salween fir
- Abies pindrow—Pindrow fir
- Abies ziyuanensis—Ziyuan fir

Section Amabilis (Pacific coast mountains, North America and Japan, in high rainfall mountains)
- Abies amabilis—Pacific silver fir
- Abies mariesii—Maries' fir

Section Pseudopicea (Sino-Himalayan mountains, at high altitude)
- Abies delavayi—Delavay's fir
  - Abies delavayi var. nukiangensis—
  - Abies delavayi var. motuoensis—
  - Abies delavayi subsp. fansipanensis—
- Abies fabri—Faber's fir
  - Abies fabri subsp. minensis—
- Abies forrestii—Forrest's fir
- Abies densa—Bhutan fir
- Abies spectabilis—East Himalayan fir
- Abies fargesii— Farges' fir
- Abies fanjingshanensis—Fanjingshan fir
- Abies yuanbaoshanensis—Yuanbaoshan fir
- Abies squamata—flaky fir

Section Oiamel (Central Mexico, at high altitude)
- Abies religiosa—sacred fir
- Abies hickelii—Hickel's fir
  - Abies hickelii var. oaxacana—Oaxaca fir

Section Nobilis (western U.S., high altitudes)
- Abies procera—noble fir
- Abies magnifica—red fir
  - Abies magnifica var. shastensis—Shasta red fir

Section Bracteata (California coast)
- Abies bracteata—bristlecone fir

Section Incertae sedis
- Abies milleri—(Extinct) Early Eocene^[1]

Uses and ecology[sunting | sunting sumber]

Wood of most firs is considered unsuitable for general timber use, and is often used as pulp or for the manufacture of plywood and rough timber. Because this genus has no insect or decay resistance qualities after logging, it is generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (e.g. indoor drywall on framing). This wood left outside cannot be expected to last more than 12 to 18 months, depending on the type of climate it is exposed to. It is commonly referred to by several different names, including North American timber, SPF (spruce, pine, fir) and whitewood.

Nordmann fir, noble fir, Fraser fir and balsam fir are popular Christmas trees, generally considered to be the best for this purpose, with aromatic foliage that does not shed many needles on drying out. Many are also decorative garden trees, notably Korean fir and Fraser fir, which produce brightly coloured cones even when very young, still only 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ka) tall. Other firs can grow anywhere between 30 dan 236 kaki (9.1 dan 71.9 m) tall. Fir Tree Appreciation Day is June 18.

Firs are used as food plants by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including Chionodes abella (recorded on white fir), autumnal moth, conifer swift (a pest of balsam fir), the engrailed, grey pug, mottled umber, pine beauty and the tortrix moths Cydia illutana (whose caterpillars are recorded to feed on European silver fir cone scales) and C. duplicana (on European silver fir bark around injuries or canker).

Abies spectabilis or Talispatra is used in Ayurveda as an antitussive drug.^{[perlu rujukan]}

References[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b Schorn, Howard; Wehr, Wesley (1986). "Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington". Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History. 1: 1–7.
^ ^a ^b Seneta, Włodzimierz (1981). Drzewa i krzewy iglaste (Coniferous trees and shrubs) (dalam bahasa Polish) (ed. 1st). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (PWN). ISBN 83-01-01663-9.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)