Perang Saudara Sepanyol
Perang Saudara Sepanyol ialah satu konflik utama di Sepanyol yang bermula selepas cubaan rampasan kuasa yang dilakukan oleh sebahagian angkatan tentera ke atas kerajaan Republik Sepanyol Kedua. Perang saudara ini telah membinasakan Sepanyol bermula daripada 17 Julai 1936 dan berakhir pada 1 April 1939 dengan kemenangan berpihak kepada pemberontak dan telah membawa kepada penubuhan pemerintahan diktator diketuai seorang nasionalis, iaitu Jeneral Francisco Franco. Penyokong-penyokong Republik (atau dalam bahasa Sepanyol dipanggil republicanos) telah juga berjaya memperoleh sokongan daripada Kesatuan Soviet dan Mexico manakala penyokong-penyokong Pemberontakan Pertama (dikenali di dalam bahasa Sepanyol sebagai nacionales) pula mendapat sokongan daripada kuasa-kuasa Pakatan daripada Eropah seperti Itali, Jerman dan jiran Portugis.
Perang ini juga meningkatkan tekanan yang membawa kepada Perang Dunia Kedua dan kadangkala dianggap menjadi sebuah perang dunia mengikut proksi. Jerman terutamanya telah menggunakan perang tersebut sebagai latihan untuk pelbagai taktik dalam blitzkrieg yang kemudiannya digunakan berperang di Eropah. Kewujudan media massa pada ketika itu turut membenarkan liputan yang menarik perhatian orang awam dan perang ini kemudiannya mendapat liputan meluas terutamanya berkenaan keghairahan dan pembahagian politik yang diilhamkannya dan terhadap kemusnahan yang dilakukan oleh kedua-dua belah pihak.
Perang Saudara Sepanyol[nb 2] adalah pertikaian utama meletus di Sepanyol dari 17 Julai 1936 hingga 1 April 1939. Perperangan meletus selepas pronunciamiento (pengistiharan penentangan) oleh satu kumpulan jeneral di bawah pimpinan José Sanjurjo menentang kerajaan dilantik bagi Republik Sepanyol Kedua, semasa di bawah pimpinan Presiden Manuel Azaña. Rampasan kuasa pemberontak disokong oleh beberapa kumpulan konservatif termasuk Persekutuan Sepanyol bagi Hak Autonomi,[nb 3] penyokong diraja seperti konservatif ugama Carlists, dan Fascism Falange.[nb 4][5] Kebangkitan adalah didorong oleh autoritatif dan diwarnai perasaan anti-pemisahan; anti-penduduk Basque dan anti-orang Catalan dalam zon Nationalist.[6]
Berikutan hanya rampasan kuasa yang separuh berjaya,[nb 5] Sepanyol menjadi terpecah secara politik dan ketenteraan. Sejak itu dan berikutnya, jeneral Francisco Franco memulakan perang melesukan berpanjangan menentang kerajaan berkuasa bagi pengawalan negara. Pasukan pemberontak menerima sokongan Jerman Nazi dan Kerajaan Itali (1861-1946), termasuk juga Estado Novo, Portugis berjiranan, sementara Soviet Union dan Mexico campur tangan bagi menyokong kerajaan Republikan atau pihak loyalist.
Penghapusan berdarah berlaku dalam kawasan ditawan dari republic bagi mengukuhkan regim Franco di masa hadapan,[7] sementara pembunuhan berbeza pada asasnya berlangsung di kawasan dikawal oleh Republikan, di mana pembunuhan kebanyakannya akibat ketiadaan undang-undang dan peraturan.[8] Perang Saudara menjadi penting bagi pemisahan semangat dan politik yang ditimbulkan olehnya. Puluhan ribu orang awam dari kedua pihak dibinuh kerana kepercayaan teori atau agama mereka, dan selepas tamat Perang pada tahun 1939, mereka yang berkait dengan Republikan yang kalah dihukum oleh pihak Nationalis yang menang.
Perperangan berakhir dengan kemenangan Nationalist, penggulingan kerajaan dilantik secara demokratik, dan penghijrahan beribu-ribu penduduk Sepanyol yang berhaluan kiri, ramai dari mereka lari ke kem pelarian di Selatan Perancis. Dengan penubuhan ditaktor dipimpin oleh Jeneral Francisco Franco selepas berakhirnya Perang Saudara, kesemua parti sayap kanan disepadukan dalam struktur regim Franco.[5]
Isi kandungan |
Latar belakang [sunting]
Rujukan [sunting]
Nota [sunting]
- ↑ The number of casualties is disputed; estimates generally suggest that between 500,000 and 1 million people were killed. Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures and modern research concludes that 500,000 deaths is the correct figure. Thomas Barria-Norton, The Spanish Civil War (2001), pp. xviii & 899–901, inclusive.
- ↑ Juga dikenali sebagai Krusader dikalangan Nationalist, Perang Carlist Keempat dikalangan Carlists, dan Pemberontakan atau Kebangkitandikalangan Republikan.
- ↑ Dikenali di Sepanyol sebagai Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA).
- ↑ Known in Spanish as the Falange Española de las JONS.
- ↑ Berek di Bandar utama seperti Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao dan Málaga tidak menyertai pemberontak sebagaimana juga Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Valladolid, Cádiz, Cordova, dan Seville.
Petikan [sunting]
- ↑ Thomas. p. 628.
- ↑ Thomas. p. 619.
- ↑ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; teks bagi rujukanspanjudgetidak disediakan - ↑ Beevor (2006). pp. 410–411. Beevor notes that around 150,000 had returned by 1939.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Payne (1993). pp. 200–203.
- ↑ Hilari Rageur, Gunpowder and Incense, p.40
- ↑ Beevor (2006). p. 88.
- ↑ Beevor (2006). pp. 260–271.
Bibliografi dan buku oleh penulis terkenal [sunting]
- Alpert, Michael (1994, 2004). A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1171-1. OCLC 155897766.
- Beevor, Antony (1982, 2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84832-1. First published as The Spanish Civil War.
- Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (1998). The Chinese in Europe. Macmillan. m/s. 390. ISBN 0-333-66913-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=_aqcIT11ShsC. Capaian 14 July 2010.
- Bieter, John; Bieter, Mark (2003). An Enduring Legacy: The Story of Basques in Idaho. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-568-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=gPQZsu0Ma0cC.
- Bolloten, Burnett (1979). The Spanish Revolution. The Left and the Struggle for Power during the Civil War. University of North Carolina. ISBN 1-84212-203-7.
- Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). Spain During World War II. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1658-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=zVx2rFJIyQQC.
- Brenan, Gerald (1943). The Spanish Labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1993). ISBN 978-0-521-39827-5. OCLC 38930004.
- Buchanan, Tom (1997). Britain and the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45569-3.
- Coverdale, John F. (2002). Uncommon faith: the early years of Opus Dei, 1928–1943. New York: Scepter. ISBN 978-1-889334-74-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=bPhSpqRI4kQC.
- Cox, Geoffrey (1937). The Defence of Madrid. London: Victor Gollancz.
- Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (2005). The Splintering of Spain. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82178-0. http://books.google.com/books/cambridge?id=ypBS6N0aFJgC.
- Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280377-1.
- Howson, Gerald (1998). Arms for Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-24177-1. OCLC 231874197.
- Jackson, Gabriel (1965). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00757-8. OCLC 185862219.
- Koestler, Arthur (1983). Dialogue with death. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-34776-5. OCLC 16604744.
- Lukeš, Igor; Goldstein, Erik, eds (1999). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II. London, UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-8056-9.
- Orwell, George (2000, first published in 1938). Homage to Catalonia. London: Penguin Books in association with Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-14-118305-5. OCLC 42954349.
- Othen, Christopher (2008). Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War. London: Reportage Press.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1970). The Spanish Revolution. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-00124-8.
- Payne, Stanley G. (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10068-X. OCLC 186010979.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal (Print Edition)". University of Wisconsin Press (Library of Iberian resources online) 2, Ch. 25, 26. http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne26.htm. Capaian 15 May 2007.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-16564-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=NiD3UeOCSGsC&pg=PA200.
- Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12282-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=KPgPFqXub14C.
- Preston, Paul (1978). The Coming of the Spanish Civil War. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-23724-2. OCLC 185713276.
- Preston, Paul (1986, 1996). A Concise history of the Spanish Civil War. London: Fontana. ISBN 978-0-00-686373-1. OCLC 231702516.
- Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32987-9.
- Radosh, Ronald; Mary Habeck, Grigory Sevostianov (2001). Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08981-3. OCLC 186413320.
- O'Riordan, Michael (2005). The Connolly Column. Pontypool, Wales: Warren and Pell.
- Rust, William (2003 Reprint of 1939 edition). Britons in Spain: A History of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade. Pontypool, Wales: Warren and Pell.
- Santos, Juliá; Casanova, Julián; Solé I Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; Moreno, Francisco (1999) (dalam Bahasa Spanish). Victimas de la guerra civil. Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy.
- Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-24964-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jSO-dC5ac_EC&pg=PA205.
- Taylor, F. Jay (1956, 1971). The United States and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. New York: Bookman Associates. ISBN 978-0-374-97849-5.
- Thomas, Hugh (1961, 1987, 2001, 2003). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101161-0. OCLC 248799351.
- Westwell, Ian (2004). Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground. Ian Allan publishing.
Bacaan lanjut [sunting]
- Brouè, Pierre (1988). The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain. Chicago: Haymarket. OCLC 1931859515.
- Carr, Sir Raymond (1977). The Spanish Tragedy: The Civil War in Perspective. Phoenix Press (2001). ISBN 1-84212-203-7.
- Deletant, Dennis (1999). Communist terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948–1965. C. Hurst & Co.. ISBN 978-1-85065-386-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=hRn56_qAwiYC.
- Doyle, Bob (2006). Brigadista – an Irishman's fight against fascism. Dublin: Currach Press. ISBN 1-85607-939-2. OCLC 71752897.
- Francis, Hywel (2006). Miners against Fascism: Wales and the Spanish Civil War. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
- Graham, Helen (2002). The Spanish republic at war, 1936–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45932-X. OCLC 231983673.
- Ibarruri, Dolores (1976). They Shall Not Pass: the Autobiography of La Pasionaria (translated from El Unico Camino by Dolores Ibarruri). New York: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0468-2. OCLC 9369478.
- Jellinek, Frank (1938). The Civil War in Spain. London: Victor Gollanz (Left Book Club).
- Kowalsky, Daniel (2004). La Union Sovietica y la Guerra Civil Espanola. Barcelona: Critica. ISBN 84-8432-490-7. OCLC 255243139.
- Low, Mary; Juan Breá (1979 reissue of 1937). Red Spanish Notebook. San Francisco: City Lights Books (originally by Martin Secker & Warburg). ISBN 0-87286-132-5. OCLC 4832126.
- Paz, Abel (2011). The Story of the Iron Column: Militant Anarchism in the Spanish Civil War. Oakland, CA.: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-064-8.
- Monteath, Peter (1994). The Spanish Civil War in literature, film, and art: an international Bibliography of secondary literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29262-0.
- Puzzo, Dante Anthony (1962). Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–1941. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press (originally Columbia University Press, N.Y.). ISBN 0-8369-6868-9. OCLC 308726.
- Southworth, Herbert Rutledge (1963). El mito de la cruzada de Franco. Paris: Ruedo Ibérico. ISBN 84-8346-574-4.
- Wheeler, George; Jack Jones (foreword), David Leach (editor) (2003). To Make the People Smile Again: a Memoir of the Spanish Civil War. Newcastle upon Tyne: Zymurgy Publishing. ISBN 1-903506-07-7. OCLC 231998540.
- Wilson, Ann (1986). Images of the Civil War. London: Allen & Unwin.
Pautan luar [sunting]
| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Perang Saudara Sepanyol |
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Dokumen utama [sunting]
- Magazines and journals published during the war, an online exhibit maintained by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (English, Spanish)
- A collection of essays by Albert and Vera Weisbord with about a dozen essays written during and about the Spanish Civil War.
- La Cucaracha, The Spanish Civil War Diary, a detailed chronicle of the events of the war
- Ronald Hilton, Spain, 1931–36, From Monarchy to Civil War, An Eyewitness Account
- Mary Low and Juan Breá: Red Spanish Book. A testimony by two surrealists and trotskytes
- Spanish Civil War and Revolution text archive in the libcom.org library
- Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection, books and other literature housed at Mandeville Special Collection Library, University of California, San Diego
- "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour", a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British Trades Union Congress held in the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
- Spanish Civil War History Project at the University of South Florida
Gambar dan filem [sunting]
- Spain in Revolt, newsreel documentary (Video Stream) (Part 1, 2)
- Imperial War Museum Collection of Spanish Civil War Posters hosted online by Visual Arts Data Service (VADS)
- Posters of the Spanish Civil War from UCSD's Southworth collection
- Civil War Documentaries made by the CNT
- Spanish Civil War and Revolution image gallery – photographs and posters from the conflict
- Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War
- Battle of Rio Segre Photographs Capa, Robert (1938) International Center of Photography.
Akademik dan kerajaan [sunting]
- A History of the Spanish Civil War, excerpted from a U.S. government country study.
- Dutch Involvement in the Spanish Civil War. Columbia Historical Review.
- "The Spanish Civil War – causes and legacy" on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time featuring Paul Preston, Helen Graham and Dr Mary Vincent
Lain-lain [sunting]
- Original war reports from The Times
- The Anarcho-Statists of Spain, a different view of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, George Mason University
- Spanish Civil War information from Spartacus Educational
- American Jews in Spanish Civil War, by Martin Sugarman
- The Spanish Revolution, 1936–39 articles and links, from Anarchy Now!
- The Revolutionary Institutions: The Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias, by Juan García Oliver
- Warships of the Spanish Civil War
- ¡No Pasarán! Speech Dolores Ibárruri's famous rousing address for the defense of the Second Republic
- New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War