Presiden Argentina: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Semakan pada 14:30, 1 November 2007

Presiden Argentina (gelaran penuh: Presiden Negara Argentina, Bahasa Sepanyol: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) merupakan ketua negara Argentina. Menurut Perlembagaan negaranya, Presiden juga merupakan ketua eksekutif kerajaan persekutuan dan Panglima Agung angkatan tentera.

Sepanjang sejarah Argentina, jawatan Ketua Negara telah melalui banyak perubahan, kedua-duanya dalam gelarannya dan juga dalam ciri-cirinya serta kekuasaannya.

Ciri-ciri jawatan

Kelayakan

Perkara 89 Perlembagaan Argentina menyatakan kelayakan untuk seseorang yang menjadi Presiden. Presiden mestilah warganegara yang berlahir di negara itu, atau dilahirkan oleh warganegara Argentina kalau dilahir di luar negara. Kelayakan yang lain adalah sama dengan kelayakan untuk menjadi seorang Senator.

Sebelum penggubalan perlembagaan tahun 1994 yang terakhir, satu lagi kelayakannya ialah Presiden harus dibaptiskan di bawah Gereja Katolik Rom.

Pengundian Presiden

Kuasa Presiden

Tempoh

Pengambilalihan

Lambang dan kediaman Presiden

Sejarah jawatan Ketua Negara

Kerajaan pra-autonomi

Kerajaan autonomi awal

Perlembagaan 1819

Perlembagaan 1826

Perang saudara

Perlembagaan 1853

Presiden tentera

Statistik

President elected to the most terms: Juan Perón, three terms, elected in 1945, 1951 and 1973.
President who held office for most time: Julio Argentino Roca, for 12 years, on two terms (1880-1886 and 1898-1904).
President who held office for most time continuously: Carlos Menem, for 10 years and 5 months, on two terms (1989-1999).
First President: Bernardino Rivadavia, 1826.
First President under the present Constitution: Justo José de Urquiza, 1854 to 1860.
First President born an Argentine citizen (and not a Spanish subject): Bartolomé Mitre, in 1821.
First President born in the twentieth century: Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, in 1903.
First de facto President: José Félix Uriburu, since 1930.
Last de facto President: Reynaldo Bignone, until 1983.
First female President: Isabel Perón (1974-1976).
Presidents who were father and son: Luis and Roque Sáenz Peña.
Father who was President and son who was Vice-President: Julio Argentino Roca and Julio Argentino Roca, Jr.
Presidents who were brothers-in-law: Julio A. Roca and Miguel Juárez Celman
Presidents who were husband and wife: Juan Perón and Isabel Perón (last period of Juan Perón, 1973-1974). Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.
First elected female President: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Presidents who died in office: Manuel Quintana (1906), Roque Sáenz Peña (1914), Roberto Marcelino Ortiz (1942) and Juan Perón (1974).
Presidents who were assassinated: Justo José de Urquiza (1870) and Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (1970), both after concluding their terms.

Jawatan Naib Presiden

In the original 1853 constitution, the figure of the Vice-President was established for the sole purpose of providing for an unexpected issue of succession in an unfinished term. In the amendment of 1994, the Vice-President, as in other countries, was given the additional title of President of the Senate, making his role a more legislative than executive one, with the power to vote in the case of a tie in the assembly.

Lihat juga

Pautan luar

(Sepanyol) Official presidential website

@@ Baris 27: / Baris 27: @@
 == Sejarah jawatan Ketua Negara ==
 === Kerajaan pra-autonomi ===
-The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, when the territory of the country was separated, by the [[King of Spain|Spanish King]] decision, from the existing [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], creating the new [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]. The Head of State continued to be the [[monarch|King]], but it was represented locally by the designated [[Viceroy]]. These Viceroys where seldom natural-born in the country, so this period if considered of colonial dependence to Spain.
 === Kerajaan autonomi awal ===
-With the Revolution in [[Buenos Aires]] on [[May 25]], [[1810]], the first [[Autonomous entity|autonomous government]], was formed by locals and was known as the ''[[Primera Junta]]''. It was later known as the ''[[Junta Grande]]'' when representatives from the provinces joined it. These early attempts of self-government where succeeded by two [[triumvirate]]s, and, although the first ''juntas'' had their President, the King of Spain was still regarded as Head of State (as [[independence]] had not yet been declared), and the executive power was not still in the hands of a single person.
-This power began to be vested on one man when the figure of Director was created in the 1813 National Assembly. The different Directors became Head of State after Independence was declared in 1816, but they were not yet the head of a [[presidential system]].
 === Perlembagaan 1819 ===
-In 1819 the Congress assembled that had declared Independence, composed a Constitution. It established an executive figure, named Supreme Director, which was vested with presidential powers. This constitution was of unitarian style, and gave the Supreme Director the additional power of appointing the [[Governor]]s of the [[province]]s. This constitution, however, because of political circumstances, never came into force, and central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a [[federation]] of provinces.
 === Perlembagaan 1826 ===
-A new constitutional drafting attempt was made in 1826. This constitution was the first to create the figure of President, although this office retained the unitarian powers described in the 1819 attempt. This constitution came into force, resulting in the election of the first President, [[Bernardino Rivadavia]]. Due to problems related to the [[Argentina-Brazil War]], Rivadavia resigned after a short time, and the office was dissolved shortly after.
 === Perang saudara ===
-A civil war between ''[[unitarios]]'' (unitarians, i. e. Buenos Aires centralists) and ''[[federales (Argentina)|federales]]'' (federalists) ensued in the following decades. In this period, there was no central authority, and the closest figure to that was the Chairman of Foreign Relations, a title often vested on the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires. The last to bear this title was [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], who in the last years of his governorship was elected as Supreme Chief of the Confederation, gaining the effective rule of the rest of the country.
 === Perlembagaan 1853 ===
-In 1852 Rosas was deposed, and a constitutional convention was summoned. This new constitution, still in force to this date, established a national federal government, with the office of the President as is known today. The term was fixed to six years, with no possibility of reelection. The first elected President in this fashion was [[Justo José de Urquiza]]. Amid a brief dissolution of the office in 1860, the succession of Presidents ran smoothly into the 20th century, until it was interrupted by several [[coup d'état]]s, creating a line of elected presidents mixed with ''de facto'' ones.
 === Presiden tentera ===
-Beginning in 1930, and later in 1943, 1955, 1963, 1966 and 1976, different military coups deposed the current President, elected by constitutional means. In the cases of 1966 and 1976, federal government was undertaken by a [[military junta]], where power was shared by the chiefs of the three armed forces. In 1963, government wasn't undertaken by the military, but by the President of the Senate, and in the other cases, and also after the dissolution of the ''Juntas'' previously mentioned, a military chief assumed under the title of President.
-It is subject of debate whether these military presidents can be titled Presidents at all, as it raises issues about the legitimacy of their respective governments. The position of the current Argentine government is that military Presidents [[Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri]] and [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] were explicitly ''not'' legitimate presidents. They, and their interim successors were denied the right to a presidential [[pension]] after the conclusion of their terms. The status of earlier military presidents, however, remains more uncertain.
 == Statistik ==