Ketiadanegaraan: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Semakan pada 09:00, 2 Mac 2020

Ketiadanegaraan (bahasa Inggeris: statelessnesscode: en is deprecated ) adalah istilah undang-undang merujuk kepada keadaan di mana seseorang individu hilang status kewarganegaraan sendiri mahupun ketiafaan hubungan pengakuan antara diri dan suatu negara.

Terdapat dua jenis yang terangkum dalam keadaan sebegini:

Ketiadanegaraan secara de jure (de jure statelessness) terkadang merujuk kepada orang yang "tidak dianggap sebagai seorang warganegara oleh suatu negara di bawah pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut".^[1]
Ketiadanegaraan secara de facto (de facto statelessness) adalah orang yang berada di luar negara dari kewarganegaraannya tidak jelas atau untuk alasan-alasan valid, tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara tersebut.^[2] Orang yang tak bernegara secara de facto dapat mengakibatkan penganiayaan atau berakibat pada retaknya hubungan diplomatik antara negara asalnya dan negara yang ditinggalkannya.

Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure juga merupakan pelarian, meskipun tidak semua pencari suaka tidak bernegara secara de jure dan tidak semua orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure boleh dianggap sebagai pelarian; malah, ada juga orang yang dianggap tidak bernegara tidak pernah melintasi sempadan antarabangsa.^[3]

Rujukan

^ "Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)". UNHCR.
^ "The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law". UNHCR.
^ Hovy, Bela (2011). Bhabha, Jacqueline (penyunting). Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It. Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press. m/s. 90. ISBN 9780262015271. Dicapai pada 11 Ogos 2014. People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.

Bacaan tambahan

Bronwen Manby, Struggles for Citizenship in Africa, 2009
Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions, 2011
Jay Milbrandt, Stateless, 2011
Open Society Foundations and Refugees International, Without Citizenship: Statelessness, Discrimination, and Repression in Kuwait, 2011
Nationality and Statelessness: a Handbook for Parliamentarians. High Commissioner for Refugees, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2005
Stateless Palestinians
Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007
Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study."
Somers, Margaret. 2008. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0
Unravelling Anomaly. Detenation, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560717-3-6
Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People. Reuters AlertNet, 2011

Pranala luar

Undang0-undang antarabangsa: perjanjian dan kes contoh dibincangkan
Intergovernmental organizations:
- UNHCR page on prevention and reduction of statelessness and protection of stateless persons – background information, tools and news From UNHCR website
- UNHCR Map (21 August 2006) Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness (PDF)
Sumber diberikan NGO berkaitan
- Statelessness on the website of the Open Society Foundations
- Statelessness on the website of Refugees International
- Website of the International Observatory on Statelessness a clearinghouse for NGOs, academics, advocacy groups and policy-makers working on issues of statelessness
- World Service Authority The World Service Authority issues World Passports mainly to refugees and stateless persons; refugees in camps are entitled to free World Passports
- Website of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion
- Website of the European Network on Statelessness
Institusi akademik
- Website of the Statelessness Programme, an initiative of Tilburg Law School (Netherlands) dedicated to research, training and outreach on statelessness and related issues
Negara-negara khusus
- British nationality – provisions for reducing statelessness
- United States IRS Form 8898 (Renouncing citizenship).
Man without a nation - filem dokumentari mengenai topik ini

[1] "Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)". UNHCR.

[2] "The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law". UNHCR.

[3] Hovy, Bela (2011). Bhabha, Jacqueline (penyunting). Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It. Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press. m/s. 90. ISBN 9780262015271. Dicapai pada 11 Ogos 2014. People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Baris 2: / Baris 2: @@
 Terdapat dua jenis yang terangkum dalam keadaan sebegini:
-* '''Ketiadanegaraan secara [[de jure]] (''de jure statelessness'')''' terkadang merujuk kepada orang yang "tidak dianggap sebagai seorang warganegara oleh suatu negara di bawah pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut".<ref>{{cite web|title=Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/415c3cfb4.html}}</ref>
+* '''Ketiadanegaraan secara [[de jure]] (''de jure statelessness'')''' terkadang merujuk kepada orang yang "tidak dianggap sebagai seorang warganegara oleh suatu negara di bawah pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut".<ref>{{cite web|title=Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)|publisher=[[Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Pelarian|UNHCR]]|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/415c3cfb4.html}}</ref>
-* Orang yang '''tak bernegara secara [[de facto]] (''de facto statelessness'')''' adalah orang yang berada di luar negara dari kewarganegaraannya tidak jelas atau untuk alasan-alasan valid, tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ca1ae002.html|publisher=UNHCR}}</ref> Orang yang tak bernegara secara de facto dapat mengakibatkan penganiayaan atau berakibat pada retaknya [[hubungan diplomatik]] antara negara asalnya dan negara yang ditinggalkannya.
+* '''Ketiadanegaraan secara [[de facto]] (''de facto statelessness'')''' adalah orang yang berada di luar negara dari kewarganegaraannya tidak jelas atau untuk alasan-alasan valid, tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4ca1ae002.html|publisher=UNHCR}}</ref> Orang yang tak bernegara secara de facto dapat mengakibatkan penganiayaan atau berakibat pada retaknya [[hubungan diplomatik]] antara negara asalnya dan negara yang ditinggalkannya.
-Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara secara ''de jure'' juga merupakan [[pelarian]], meskipun tidak semua pencari [[suaka]] tidak bernegara secara ''de jure'' dan tidak semua orang yang tak bernegara secara ''de jure'' boleh dianggap sebagai pelarian; malah, ada juga orang yang dianggap tidak bernegara tidak pernah melintasi sempadan antarabangsa.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It|last = Hovy|first = Bela|publisher = MIT Press|year = 2011|isbn = 9780262015271|location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KhejoCZ7alEC&pg=PA90|work = Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge|accessdate = 11 Agustys 2014|editor-last = Bhabha|editor-first = Jacqueline|editor-link = Jacqueline Bhabha|page = 90|quote = People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.}}</ref>
+Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara secara ''de jure'' juga merupakan [[pelarian]], meskipun tidak semua pencari [[suaka]] tidak bernegara secara ''de jure'' dan tidak semua orang yang tak bernegara secara ''de jure'' boleh dianggap sebagai pelarian; malah, ada juga orang yang dianggap tidak bernegara tidak pernah melintasi sempadan antarabangsa.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It|last = Hovy|first = Bela|publisher = MIT Press|year = 2011|isbn = 9780262015271|location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KhejoCZ7alEC&pg=PA90|work = Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge|accessdate = 11 Ogos 2014|editor-last = Bhabha|editor-first = Jacqueline|editor-link = Jacqueline Bhabha|page = 90|quote = People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.}}</ref>
 == Rujukan ==
@@ Baris 25: / Baris 25: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
 {{Commons}}
-* Hukum internasional: perjanjian dan hukum kasus
+* Undang0-undang antarabangsa: perjanjian dan kes contoh dibincangkan
 ** [http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/6_1_1961.pdf Full Convention text of 1961 Convention]
 ** [http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/41b4790b4.pdf Map showing State Parties to 1961 Convention]
@@ Baris 34: / Baris 34: @@
 ** [http://www.unhcr.org/statelessness UNHCR page on prevention and reduction of statelessness and protection of stateless persons – background information, tools and news] From [[UNHCR]] website
 ** [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/4538c8074.pdf UNHCR Map (21 August 2006) Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness] (PDF)
+* Sumber diberikan NGO berkaitan
-* International NGOs
 ** [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/statelessness Statelessness] on the website of the [http://www.soros.org/ Open Society Foundations]
 ** [http://www.refugeesinternational.org/who-we-are/our-issues/statelessness Statelessness] on the website of [[Refugees International]]
@@ Baris 41: / Baris 41: @@
 ** [http://www.institutesi.org/ Website of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion]
 ** [http://www.statelessness.eu/about-us Website of the European Network on Statelessness]
-* Institusi Akademik
+* Institusi akademik
 ** [http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/statelessness Website of the Statelessness Programme, an initiative of Tilburg Law School (Netherlands) dedicated to research, training and outreach on statelessness and related issues]
-* Negara-negara spesifik
+* Negara-negara khusus
 ** [http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/en/home/applying/british_nationality/advice_about_nationality/bn5_-_provisions_for.html British nationality – provisions for reducing statelessness]
 ** [http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8898.pdf United States IRS Form 8898] (Renouncing citizenship).
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ed_6nXLJfk/ Man without a nation] - filem dokumentari mengenai topik ini
-* Documentary Film on Stateless person
-** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ed_6nXLJfk/ Man without a nation-documentary film]
 [[Kategori:Kewarganegaraan]]