Straight edge

Straight edge (kadangkala disingkatkan kepada sXe ataupun ditandakan dengan XXX atau X) ialah subbudaya hardcore punk yang mana penyokongnya menahan diri daripada penggunaan alkohol, tobako dan lain-lain dadah rekreasi, sebagai tindak balas kepada subbudaya punk yang berlebihan. Bagi sesetengah orang, perlakuan ini termasuklah menahan diri daripada melakukan persetubuhan secara rambang, mengikuti diet vegetarian atau vegan, dan/atau tidak menggunakan kafeina atau ubat preskripsi. Terma straight edge diguna pakai daripada lagu 1981, "Straight Edge" oleh kugiran hardcore punk, Minor Threat. Ross Haenfler menulis bahawasehingga lewat 1990-an, anggaran tiga daripada empat orang peserta straight edge ialah orang vegetarian atau vegan. Walaupun aspek kebiasaan yang diluahkan subbudaya straight edge ialah penahanan diri daripada alkohol, nikotina, dan dadah, terdapat beberapa ragam tentang penafsiran "menahan diri daripada minuman keras" atau "hidup bebas dadah". Perselisihan selalu muncul tentang sebab utama hidup dengan budaya straight edge. Politik straight edge adalah sayap kiri dan revolusioner akan tetapi terdapat cabang-cabang konservatif.

Pada tahun 1999, William Tsitsos menulis bahawa straight edge telah melalui tiga era sejak penubuhannya ketika awal 1980-an. Bent edge bermula sebagai gerakan balas menentang straight edge oleh ahli hardcore bahagian Washinton, D,C yang kecewa oleh ketegaran dan sikap tidak bertoleran di situ. Semasa era youth crew yang bermula pada pertengahan 1980-an, pengaruh muzik terhadap dunia straight edge sangatlah tinggi. Ketika 1990-an, orang straight edge militan merupakan pecahan dunia punk yang terkenal. Pada awal hingga pertengahan 1990-an, straight edge merbak dai Amerika Syarikat ke Eropah Utara, Timur Tengah, dan Amerika Selatan. Menjelang awal 2000-an, orang punk straight edge militan kebanyakannya telah meninggalkan budaya dan gerakan staright edge yang lebih luas.

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Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rujukan dan bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

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Blush, Steven (2010). George Petros (penyunting). American Hardcore: A Tribal History (ed. 2). Feral House. ISBN 978-0-922915-71-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3851-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Mullaney, Jamie (2007). "'Unity Admirable But Not Necessarily Heeded:' Going Rates and Gender Boundaries in the Straight Edge Hardcore Music Scene". Gender & Society. 21 (3): 384–408. doi:10.1177/0891243207299615.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
O'Hara, Craig (1999). The Philosophy of Punk: More Than Noise. AK Press. ISBN 1-873176-16-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Tsitsos, William (1999). "Rules of Rebellion: Slamdancing, Moshing, and the American Alternative Scene". Popular Music. 3 (18): 403. doi:10.1017/s0261143000008941.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Wood, Robert T. (1999). "Nailed to the X: A Lyrical History of Straightedge". Journal of Youth Studies. 2 (2): 133–151. doi:10.1080/13676261.1999.10593032.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Wood, Robert T. (2003). "The Straightedge Youth Sub-Culture: Complexities of Subculture Identity". Journal of Youth Studies. 6 (1): 33–52. doi:10.1080/1367626032000068154.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Wood, Robert T. (2006). Straight Edge Youth: The Complexity and Contradictions of a Subculture. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3127-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Youth of Today (1988). We're Not In This Alone. New York: Caroline Records.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Tsitos, William (2016). "An International Comparison of the Politics of Straight-Edge". Music Sociology: Examining the Role of Music in Social Life. Routledge. m/s. 202–210. ISBN 978-161205-312-7.
Haenfler, Ross (August 2004). "Rethinking subcultural resistance". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Sage. 33 (4): 406–436. doi:10.1177/0891241603259809.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Pieslak, Jonathan (2015). Radicalism and Music: An Introduction to the Music Cultures of al-Qa’ida, Racist Skinheads, Christian-Affiliated Radicals, and Eco-Animal Rights Militants. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819575852.
Helton, Jesse (June 2002). "Re-Imagining Being "Straight" in Straight Edge". Contemporary Drug Problems. Sage. 29 (2): 445–473. doi:10.1177/009145090202900209.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Bacaan lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]

Haenfler, Ross (July 2004). "Manhood in contradiction: the two faces of straight edge". Men and Masculinities. Sage. 7 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1177/1097184X03257522.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight edge: clean-living youth, hardcore punk, and social change. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813539911.
McPheeters, Sam; Stein, Dave; O'Toole, Jason; Baker, Brian (1987). "The straight edge movement". Buzz}.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link){{what?|date=September 2016}
Irwin, Darrell D. (Spring 1999). "The straight edge subculture: examining the youths' drug free way". Journal of Drug Issues. Sage. 29 (2): 365–380.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Williams, J. Patrick (April 2006). "Authentic identities: straightedge subculture, music, and the internet". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Sage. 35 (2): 173–200. doi:10.1177/0891241605285100.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Williams, J. Patrick; Copes, Heith (February 2005). ""How edge are you?" Constructing authentic identities and subcultural boundaries in a straightedge internet forum". Symbolic Interaction. Wiley via JSTOR. 28 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1525/si.2005.28.1.67.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Jones, Raymond McCrea (2007). Out of step: faces of straight edge. Philadelphia: Empire Press. ISBN 9780615158846.
Smith, Gabriel (June 2011). "White mutants of straight edge: the avant-garde of abstinence". The Journal of Popular Culture. Wiley. 44 (3): 633–646. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2011.00852.x.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mullaney, Jamie L. (December 2012). "All in time: age and the temporality of authenticity in the straight-edge music scene". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. Sage. 41 (6): 611–635. doi:10.1177/0891241612462132.CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]