Hindi-Urdu
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
| Hindi-Urdu | |
| हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی Hindustānī | |
| 150px | |
| Dituturkan di | India dan Pakistan. Juga pelbagai negara lain disebabkan imigrasi Asia Selatan |
|---|---|
| Rantau | Asia Selatan |
| Penutur Ibunda | Penutur asli: 240 juta (1991–1997)[1] Bahasa kedua: 165 juta (1999)[2] Jumlah: 490 juta (2006)[3] (date missing) |
| Keluarga bahasa | |
| Standard forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Sistem tulisan | Devanagari script, Perso-Arabic script |
| Status Rasmi | |
| Bahasa rasmi di |  India (sebagai Hindi dan Urdu).svg){kind=small} Pakistan (sebagai Urdu) |
| Dikawal oleh | Central Hindi Directorate (Hindi, India),[4] National Language Authority, (Urdu, Pakistan); National Council for Promotion of Urdu language (Urdu, India)[5] |
| Kod Bahasa | |
| ISO 639-1 | hi,ur |
| ISO 639-2 | hin,urd |
| ISO 639-3 | either: hin — Hindi urd — Urdu |
| Linguasphere | 59-AAF-qa – -qf |
| {| style="text-align:left;" |} | |
Hindi-Urdu (हिंदी उर्दू, هندی اردو) merupakan bahasa Indo-Aryan dan lingua franca India Utara dan Pakistan.[6][7] Ia juga dikenali sebagai Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی, Hindustānī, IPA: [ɦɪ̃n̪d̪ʊsˈt̪aːni], bermaksud: 'Hindustan'),[8] dan dahulunya, sebagai Hindavi atau Rekhta. Ia berasal terutamanya dari dialek Khariboli Delhi, barat Uttar Pradesh dan bahagian selatan Uttarakhand, dan mengandungi banyak kosa kata dari bahasa Arab, bahasa Parsi, Sanskrit dan bahasa Turkic.[9][10]
[sunting] Nota
- ↑ Standard Hindi: 180 juta India (1991). Urdu: 48 juta India (1997), 11 juta Pakistan (1993). Ethnologue 16.
- ↑ 120 juta Standard Hindi (1999), 45 juta Urdu (1999). Ethnologue 16.
- ↑ BBC: A Guide to Urdu
- ↑ The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari script and Hindi spelling in India. Source: Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction
- ↑ National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language
- ↑ Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin, http://books.google.com/?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ
- ↑ Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher, Alex Pulsipher, Holly M. Hapke (2005), World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, Macmillan, ISBN 0716719045, http://books.google.com/?id=WfNaSNNAppQC
- ↑ "About Hindi-Urdu". North Carolina State University. http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm. Capaian 2009–08–09.
- ↑ Michael Huxley (editor) (1935), The Geographical magazine, Volume 2, Geographical Press, http://books.google.com/?id=Z1xOAAAAIAAJ
- ↑ Britain), Royal Society of Arts (Great (1948), Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Volume 97, http://books.google.com/?id=fx_SAAAAMAAJ
[sunting] Pautan luar
- Shakespear, John. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.
- Janmaanas Ek Hindi Manch(Hindi Language Forum)
- Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition: Hindostani
- Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani, khaRî bolî
- Hindi-Urdu FAQ
- Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi-Urdu Commitment
- Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu?
- History of Hindustani
