Kritikan kerajaan Israel

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Kartun politik oleh pelukis kartun Lubnan Mahmoud Kahil mengkritik dasar-dasar Ariel Sharon.

Templat:Orang Israel Kritikan kerajaan Israel, selalu dirujuk sebagai kritikan Israel,[1][2][3] ialah perkara ulasan dan penyelidikan kewartawanan dan ilmiah yang berlaku dalam ruang lingkup teori hubungan antarabangsa, dinyatakan dalam istilah sains politik. Dalam ruang lingkup aspirasi sejagat bagi masyarakat negara, Israel telah menghadapi kritikan antarabangsa sejak its perisytiharan penubuhannya pada tahun 1948 behubungan dengan berbagai-bagai perkara,[4][5][6][6][7] kedua-duanya sejarah dan sezaman.

Kerajaan Israel telah dikritik atas isu-isu tentang petempatan Israel di wilayah Palestin, its memperlakukan orang Arab Palestin, kelakuan Angkatan Pertahanan Israel semasa konflik dan sekatan Genting Gaza,[8] dengan kesannya terhadap ekonomi wilayah Palestin. Isu-isu sejarah yang lain dengan akibat yang sedang berlaku juga telah dikritik termasuk: penolakan membenarkan pelarian Palestin pascaperang untuk kembali ke rumah mereka, dan pendudukan wilayah berpanjangan dapat dalam perang dan pembinaan petempatan di dalamnya.

Status Israel sebagai demokrasi perwakilan juga telah dipersoalkan kerana penduduk Israel di wilayah pendudukan dibenarkan mengundi di pilihan raya Israel manakala penduduk Palestinian pula tidak.[9][10][11] Sumber kritikan lain ialah pergeseran tertimbul oleh isu peluk agaama antara kerabaian Ortodoks Israel dan bahagian bukan Ortodoks diaspora Yahudi. Pada satu hujung lingkungan ialah percubaan menyahsahkan hak wujud Israel.[12][13][14] Hal ini membawa kepada perbahasan yang sedang berlaku berhubungan pada tempat titik kritikan Israel melepasi garis anti-Semitisme. Salah satu kesan kritikan antarabangsa telah menjadi kesan terhadap psikologi sosial orang awam Yahudi Israel - menurut satu tinjauan lebih daripada separuh orang Israel mempercayai "seluruh dunia menentangi kami", dan tiga suku orang Israeli mempercayai "bahawa macama mana pun Israel buat atau betapa jauh ia pergi menuju menyelesaikan konflik dengan orang Palestin, dunia akan terus mengkritik Israel".[15]

Kritikan dasar-dasar Israel datang daripada beberapa kumpulan: terutamanya daripada aktivis, dalam Israel dan seluruh dunia, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan lain termasuk gereja Eropah, dan media massa. Berat sebelah media selalu didakwa oleh kedua-dua belah bahas. Sejak tahun 2003, PBB telah mengeluarkan 232 ketetapan berhubung dengan Israel, 40% daripada semua ketetapan yang dikeluarkan oleh PBB sepanjang masa dan lebih daripada enam kali dengan negara tempat kedua, Sudan.[16]

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  • Ahlmark, Per, "Human Rights, Anti-Semitism, and The Wallenberg Legacy, in Nuremberg forty years later: the struggle against injustice in our time (International Human Rights Conference, November 1987 papers and proceedings), Irwin Cotler (Editor), McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1995
  • Bruckner, Pascal, The tyranny of guilt: an essay on Western masochism, Princeton University Press, 2010
  • Buckley, William, In search of anti-Semitism, Continuum, 1992
  • Chesler, Phyllis, The new anti-semitism: the current crisis and what we must do about it, Jossey-Bass, 2003
  • Chomsky, Noam, Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies, House of Anansi, 2003
  • Cockburn, Alexander (2003). The Politics of Anti-Semitism. AK Press. ISBN 1-902593-77-4.
  • Cohen, Patricia, "Essay Linking Liberal Jews and Anti_Semitism Sparks a Furor", The New York Times, January 31, 2007, online
  • Cotler, Irwin, "Human Rights and the new anti-jewishness", in Jerusalem Post, Feb 5, 2004
  • Dershowitz, Alan, The Case for Israel, John Wiley and Sons, 2003
  • Dershowitz, Alan, The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace, John Wiley and Sons, 2009
  • Donskis, Leonidas, Troubled identity and the modern world, Macmillan, 2009
  • EISCA Report - by Igansky, Paul, and Sweiry, Abe, Understanding and Addressing the ‘Nazi Card' - Intervening Against Antisemitic Discourse, published by European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (EISCA), 2009, online.
  • Ellis, Marc, Judaism does not equal Israel, The New Press, 2009
  • EUMC report - Antisemitism - Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001-2005 - Working Paper, Beate Winkler, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), May 2006, online.
  • Finkelstein, Norman G. (2005). Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24598-9.
  • Forster, Arnold and Epstein, Benjamin, The New Anti-Semitism, ADL, 1974
  • Foxman, Abraham, Never Again?, HarperCollins, 2004
  • Harrison, Bernard, The resurgence of anti-Semitism: Jews, Israel, and liberal opinion, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006
  • Igansky, Paul, and Sweiry, Abe, Understanding and Addressing the ‘Nazi Card' - Intervening Against Antisemitic Discourse, published by European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (EISCA), 2009, online. Cited as "EISCA Report" (see above).
  • Igansky, Paul, and Kosmin, Barry (Eds), The New Antisemitism?: Debating Judeophobia in 21st-century Britain, Profile, 2003
  • Judt, Tony, "The Country That Wouldn't Grow Up", int Haaretz, 2 May 2006, online.
  • Klug, Brian, "The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism", in The Nation, posted January 15, 2004 (February 2, 2004 issue), online, accessed January 9, 2006.
  • Klug, Brian (March 2005). "Is Europe a lost cause? The European debate on antisemitism and the Middle East conflict". Patterns of Prejudice. 39 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1080/00313220500045253.
  • Lerman, Antony, "Jews attacking Jews" in Haaretz, September 12, 2008, online
  • Lerman, Antony "Should we ban 'Nazi analogies'? Using Nazi analogies to criticise Israel or Zionism may be offensive, but should it be against the law?", in Guardian, 24 July 2009, online
  • Lerner, Michael. There Is No New Anti-Semitism, posted February 5, 2007, accessed February 6, 2007.
  • Lowenstein, Antony, My Israel question, Melbourne Univ. Publishing, 2007
  • Perlmutter, Nathan, The Real Anti-Semitism in America, Arbor House, 1982
  • Picciotto, Henri, On Criticism of Israel and Anti-Semitism, published by Jewish Voice for Peace, date unknown, online
  • Prior, Michael Speaking the Truth about Zionism and Israel, Melisende, 2004
  • Rosenbaum, Ron, Those who forget the past: the question of anti-Semitism, Random House, Inc., 2004
  • Alvin H. Rosenfeld. 'Progressive' Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism. American Jewish Committee. 2006.
  • Schoenfeld, Gabriel, The Return of Anti-Semitism, Encounter Books, 2004
  • Sharan, Shlomo, and Bukay, David, Crossovers: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Transaction Publishers, 2010
  • Wistrich, Robert S. (Fall 2004). "Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism". Jewish Political Studies Review. 16 (3–4). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-09-29. Dicapai pada 2007-02-26.
  • Zipperstein, Steven. "Historical Reflections of Contemporary Antisemitism" in Derek J. Penslar et al., ed., Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005
  • Zuckerman, Mortimer "The New Anti-Semitism", in US News and World Report, 3 November 2003;

Nota kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Rosenfeld, Alvin (Feb 2007). "Rhetorical Violence and the Jews". Critical Distance. Dicapai pada 6 Feb 2011. The ubiquitous rubric "criticism of Israel," however, has also come to designate another kind of discourse--one that has almost become a politico-rhetorical genre unto itself, with its own identifiable vocabulary, narrative conventions, and predictable outcomes
  2. ^ Wiedl, Kathrin Nina (2007). Is Criticism of Israel on Issues of Rights, Pluralism, Equality and Minorities Justified Given the Historic and Regional Context of the State?. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 9783638775489. Dicapai pada 6 Feb 2011. This essay analyses the criticism of Israel on issues of rights, pluralism, equality and minorities. It views issues, such as the 1948 war, the treatment of Misrachi Jews and raises the question if a Jewish state is racist and colonialistic and excludes minorities, such as Arab Israelis
  3. ^ Community Security Trust (2009). "Antisemitic Discourse Report 2009" (PDF). Dicapai pada 6 Feb 2011. The term “criticism of Israel” continued to be used as a catch-all defense against the raising of Jewish concerns about antisemitic manifestations, public speakers, groups, websites, agitprop and other phenomena
  4. ^ Dershowitz, Alan (2004). The Case for Israel. m/s. 1. The Jewish nation of Israel stands accused in the dock of international justice. The charges include being a criminal state, the prime violator of human rights, the mirror image of Nazism, and the most intransigent barrier to peace in the Middle East. Throughout the world, from the chambers of the United Nations to the campuses of universities, Israel is singled out for condemnation, divestment, boycott and demonization.
  5. ^ Dershowitz, Alan (2009). The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace. m/s. 1–2. For a tiny nation of little more than six and a half million citizens living in an area roughly the size of New Jersey, Israel has proportionally more enemies than any nation on earth. No nation has been threatened more often with divestment, boycotts, and other sanctions. No nation has generated more protests against it on college and university campuses. No nation has been targeted for as much editorial abuse from the worldwide media. No nation has been subjected to more frequent threats of annihilation. No nation has had more genocidal incitements directed against its citizens. It is remarkable indeed that a democratic nation born in response to a decision of the United Nations should still not be accepted by so many countries, groups, and individuals. No other UN member is threatened with physical destruction by other member states so openly and with so little rebuke from the General Assembly or the Security Council. Indeed, no nation, regardless of its size or the number of deaths it has caused, has been condemned as often by the UN and its constituent bodies. Simply put, no nation is hated as much as the Jewish nation.
  6. ^ a b Hagee, John (2007). In Defense of Israel. m/s. 1. You look toward the United Nations, which Ambassador Dore Gold calls 'the Tower of Babble'. You look at Europe, where the ghost of Hitler is again walking across the stage of history. You open your newspapers and read about American universities, where Israel is being vilified by students taught by professors whose Middle Eastern chairs are sponsored by Saudi Arabia. You look to America's mainline churches and see their initiatives to divest from Israel. You go to the bookstore and see slanderous titles by the former president of the United States - and you feel very much alone.
  7. ^ "Domain Names and Web Hosting by IPOWER". Globalpolitician.com. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-10-16. Dicapai pada 2014-08-18.
  8. ^ Watt, Nicholas; Sherwood, Harriet (27 July 2010). "David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'". The Guardian. London.
  9. ^ BARAT, FRANK. "Why Israel is Not a Democracy". Dicapai pada 15 September 2014. Ilan Pappé: No, Israel is definitely not a democracy. A country that occupies another people for more than 40 years and disallow them the most elementary civic and human rights cannot be a democracy. A country that pursues a discriminatory policy against a fifth of its Palestinian citizens inside the 67 borders cannot be a democracy. In fact Israel is, what we use to call in political science a Herrenvolk democracy, its democracy only for the masters. The fact that you allow people to participate in the formal side of democracy, namely to vote or to be elected, is useless and meaningless if you don’t give them any share in the common good or in the common resources of the State, or if you discriminate against them despite the fact that you allow them to participate in the elections. On almost every level from official legislation through governmental practices, and social and cultural attitudes, Israel is only a democracy for one group, one ethnic group, that given the space that Israel now controls, is not even a majority group anymore, so I think that you’ll find it very hard to use any known definition of democracy which will be applicable for the Israeli case.
  10. ^ Gorenberg, Gershom (2009-12-04). "Is Israel a Democracy?". The American Prospect. Dicapai pada 20 September 2014. Whether it ends the occupation and discrimination against Arab citizens within its borders will alter our perception of whether the nation began as an imperfect democracy or a false one. Today's political battles, strangely enough, will determine not only its future but also its past.
  11. ^ "Israeli-Occupied Territories". freedomhouse.org/. Freedom House. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2018-11-20. Dicapai pada 15 September 2014.
  12. ^ Want to Delegitimize Israel? Be Careful Who You Mess With Diarkibkan November 24, 2010, di Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Bard, Mitchell (2008). Will Israel Survive. m/s. 1. Israel might be the only country in the world whose right to exist is debated and whose future is questioned. Can you imagine anyone asking whether the United States will survive or whether it should exist? Or anyone saying "no" if asked?
  14. ^ Eroding Israel’s Legitimacy in the International Arena http://reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=3766
  15. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan peace index tidak disediakan
  16. ^ "UN Resolutions between 2003 and today by country". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-18. Dicapai pada 2010-12-11.
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