Buckeye (ayam)

Buckeye
	Seekor Buckeye jantan di British Columbia
Status pemuliharaan	dalam pemerhatian
Negara asal	Amerika Syarikat
Ciri-ciri
Berat	Jantan: 9 lb (4.1 kg)
	Betina: 6.5 lb (2.9 kg)
Warna kulit	kuning
Warna telur	perang
Jenis balung	Pea
Klasifikasi
APA	Amerika
PCGB	bulu lembut jarang: berat
	Ayam; Gallus gallus domesticus

Buckeye adalah satu baka ayam yang berasal daripada negeri Ohio, Amerika Syarikat. Ia mula dihasilkan pada awal kurun ke-19. Buckeye adalah satu-satunya baka ayam yang diiktiraf oleh Persatuan Unggas Amerika yang dibangunkan oleh seorang wanita. Buckeye juga satu-satunya baka ayam dalam kelas Amerika yang memiliki balung kacang (pea). Buckeye kini disenaraikan dalam status "Dalam Pemerhatian" oleh The Livestock Conservancy. Namanya berasal daripada nama gelaran bagi negeri Ohio iaitu "negeri Buckeye". Warna mahoganinya dikatakan menyerupai biji tumbuhan Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra). Buckeye merupakan baka ayam dual-guna yang mana diternak bagi mendapatkan daging dan telurnya. Buckeye mempunyai kulit berwarna kuning dengan telur berwarna perang.

Sejarah

The Buckeye was first bred and developed in 1896, by Nettie Metcalf, a resident of Warren, Ohio.^[5] They are the only American breed of chicken known to have been developed by a woman, although women customarily were in charge of the household poultry flock on farms and in households throughout much of U.S. history.^[6] Metcalf crossbred Barred Plymouth Rocks, Buff Cochins, and some black-breasted red games to produce the Buckeye. Her goal was a functional breed that could produce well in the bitter Midwest winters. Contrary to popular belief, the Buckeye breed was created before the Rhode Island Red breed. Metcalf sent birds to the RIR breeders in order for them to improve their breed.^[7]

The Buckeye was admitted in 1904 to the American Poultry Association's Standard of Perfection.^[2] This acceptance signifies official certification as a breed by the Association, allowing Buckeyes to be entered into poultry shows and judged according to the breed standard (as outlined in the Standard of Perfection).

The recognition of Buckeyes in the Standard has been a significant factor in its survival.^[5] In the past, largely due its lack of color variations, the Buckeye has not been an especially popular exhibition breed. Since the late 20th century, there has been growing interest in the exhibition poultry fancy for this dual-purpose variety of bird. The Buckeye has generally been a bird of smaller farm flocks, rather than major commercial operations.

Today the breed status is listed as watch by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy,^[8] watch being defined as: Fewer than 5,000 breeding birds in the United States, with ten or fewer primary breeding flocks, and estimated global population less than 10,000.^[9] The breed is included in the Slow Food USA Ark of Taste, a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction.^[10]

Ciri-ciri

Ayam jantan Buckeye mempunyai berat sekitar 9 lb (4.1 kg), manakala ayam betina 6.5 lb (2.9 kg). Baka ini berkulit kuning dan telurnya berwarna perang. Warna utamanya bulunya adalah merah mohagani dengan ekor hitam; kadang kala ayam jantan mempunyai warna bulu gelap yang lain. Mengikut standard baka, bulu pada ayam Buckeye secara idealnya menyerupai warna biji Ohio Buckeye. Terutamanya pada ayam betina, baka ini menyamai penampilan pada ayam Merah Rhode Island. Buckeye boleh dibezakan dengan satu bar warna slate di bulu belakang yang berdekatan dengan tubuhnya; badannya juga lebih kompak, dengan belakang yang lebar tetapi pendek.^[11]

Buckeye adalah satu-satunya baka ayam yang mempunyai balung kacang (pea), dan bentuk badan yang kekar, menjadikan ia satu baka ayam yang tahan sejuk.^[8] Baka-baka lain yang dibangunkan di Amerika Syarikat seperti Ameraucana mungkin memiliki balung kacang tetapi salasilahnya berasal dari baka-baka ayam daripada luar A.S. Ia mempunyai beberapa ciri ayam laga dari segi struktur dan kedudukan badan, karakter yang peka dan boleh mencari makan sendiri dengan baik. Umumnya, Buckeye agak tenang tetapi ayam jantan mungkin bertindak agresif dalam keadaan tertentu. Meskipun berketurunan ayam sabung, Buckeye boleh hidup dalam kurungan dengan baik. Walaubagaimanapun, ia dilihat lebih gembira dan membiak lebih baik jika dibiarkan hidup bebas. Para penternak Buckeye berkatabaka ayam ini akan mencabut bulunya sendiri. Ia juga adalah satu baka ayam pedaging dan penelur yang baik dan mampu bertelur antara 150 hingga 200 biji setahun,^[12] Buckeye merupakan ayam dual-guna dan sesuai dibela oleh ladang kecil dan belakang rumah.^[13]

Lihat juga

Senarai baka ayam

Nota

^ The Livestock Conservancy
^ ^a ^b ^c Ekarius 2007, halaman 80
^ APA
^ PCGB
^ ^a ^b Heinrichs 2007, halaman 56
^ Ekarius 2007, halaman 79
^ Ekarius 2007, halaman 79–80
^ ^a ^b Ekarius 2007, halaman 80
^ Ekarius 2007, halaman 19
^ "Buckeye Chicken", Ark of Taste, Slow Food USA, April 2009, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2010-05-04, dicapai pada 2010-03-25 – ^{Scholar search}
^ Heinrichs 2007, halaman 57
^ "Selecting for Egg production". Chicken Assessment for Improving Productivity (PDF). American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. 2007.
^ Heinrichs 2007, halaman 56–57

Rujukan

Ekarius, Carol (2007), Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds, North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-58017-667-5
Heinrichs, Christine (2007), How to Raise Chickens, St. Paul, MN: Voyageur, ISBN 978-0-7603-2828-6
APA Recognized Breeds and Varieties as of January 1, 2012. American Poultry Association. Accessed August 2014.
Breed Classification. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Accessed August 2014.
Conservation Priority List. The Livestock Conservancy. Accessed August 2014.

Pautan luar

Buckeyes at the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy
The American Buckeye Poultry Club
The American Buckeye Club

[tlc-1] The Livestock Conservancy

[Ekarius_2007_80-2] Ekarius 2007, halaman 80

[3] APA

[4] PCGB

[Heinrichs_2007_56-5] Heinrichs 2007, halaman 56

[6] Ekarius 2007, halaman 79

[7] Ekarius 2007, halaman 79–80

[ekarius80-8] Ekarius 2007, halaman 80

[9] Ekarius 2007, halaman 19

[10] "Buckeye Chicken", Ark of Taste, Slow Food USA, April 2009, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2010-05-04, dicapai pada 2010-03-25 – ^{Scholar search}

[11] Heinrichs 2007, halaman 57

[12] "Selecting for Egg production". Chicken Assessment for Improving Productivity (PDF). American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. 2007.

[13] Heinrichs 2007, halaman 56–57

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