Lihat sumber bagi Bahasa baku

{{Short description|Kelainan bahasa dengan tatabahasa dan penggunaan yang banyak dikod}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
'''Bahasa baku''' (juga '''bahasa piawai''', '''bahasa standard''', '''kelainan baku''', '''loghat baku''', '''loghat terpiawai''', dan '''standard''') ialah [[kelainan (linguistik)|kelainan bahasa]] yang telah mengalami [[Pengkanunan (linguistik)|pengkanunan]] yang cukup banyak terhadap [[tatabahasa]] dan penggunaannya,{{sfnp|Richards|Schmidt|2010|p=554}}{{sfnp|Finegan|2007|p=14}} walaupun kadangkala istilah tersebut merujuk keseluruhan suatu bahasa yang memasukkan bentuk terpiawai sebagai salah satu kelainanan.{{sfnp|Сулейменова|2006|pp=53–55}}{{sfnp|Kapović|2011|pp=46–48}} Biasanya, kelainan bahasa yang mengalami pemiawaian yang cukup banyak ialah [[loghat]] yang dikaitkan dengan pusat perdagangan dan kerajaan.{{sfnp|Curzan|2002}} Dengan proses yang ahli antropologi lingustik panggil "anjakan rujukan"{{sfnp|Silverstein|1996}} dan yang ahli sosiolinguistik panggil "penghuraian fungsi",{{sfnp|Milroy|Milroy|2012|p=22}} kelainan ini memperoleh [[Darjat (sosiolinguistik)|darjat masyarakat]] yang dikaitkan dengan perdagangan dan kerajaan. Sebagai kesan sosiologi bagi proses ini, kebanyakan pengguna bahasa ini mula percaya bahawa bahasa baku memang unggul atau menganggapinya garis dasar bahasa untuk menilai kelainan bahasa yang lain.{{sfnp|Davila|2016}}

Dari segi fungsi, bahasa baku dapat menjadi unsur penyatu, unsur pemisah dan pemberi prestij kerana:
* '''''Unsur penyatu''''': digunakan oleh orang-orang daripada pelbagai daerah [[loghat]];
* '''''Unsur pemisah''''': memisahkan bentuk bahasa baku itu daripada loghat-loghat lain dalam bahasa itu; dan
* '''''Pemberi prestij''''': digunakan oleh segolongan orang dalam suasana tertentu, biasanya dalam urusan rasmi; umpamanya [[laporan]], [[surat]], surat pekeliling, borang, [[radio]], [[televisyen]], dan sebagainya.
Walau bagaimanapun, ketiga-tiga fungsi ini dianggap oleh [[Paul Garvin]] sebagai fungsi perlambangan.

Dalam konteks [[pentadbiran]] dan [[pengurusan]], fungsi yang harus ditekankan ialah fungsi objektif, iaitu bahasa baku sebagai rangka rujukan untuk menentukan salah-betulnya penggunaan bahasa. Jika fungsi objektif ini tidak ditegaskan, nescaya bahasa yang digunakan dalam pentadbiran dan pengurusan akan berbeza-beza bentuknya. Apabila hal ini terjadi, maka kecekapan pentadbiran dan pengurusan akan tergugat.

== Lihat juga ==
* [[Bahasa rasmi]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

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|chapter=A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism
|location=The Hague, Paris
|doi=10.1515/9783110805376.531
|isbn=978-3-11-080537-6
|oclc=306499
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Сулейменова
|first=Элеонора Д.
|year=2006
|title=Словарь социолингвистических терминов
|publisher=Российская академия наук. Институт языкознания. Российская академия лингвистических наук
|location=Moscow
|language=ru
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Thomas
|first=Paul-Louis
|year=2003
|title=Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues 
|trans-title=Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages
|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/slave_0080-2557_2002_num_74_2_6801
|language=fr
|journal=Revue des études slaves
|volume=74
|issue=2–3
|pages=311–325 
|doi=10.3406/slave.2002.6801
|issn=0080-2557
|oclc=754204160
|id= {{ZDB|208723-6}}
}}
* {{cite journal 
|last=Trudgill 
|first=Peter 
|author-link=Peter Trudgill
|title=Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe 
|journal=International Journal of Applied Linguistics 
|year=1992 
|volume=2 
|number=2 
|pages=167–177 
|doi=10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x 
}}
*{{cite book 
|last=Trudgill
|first=Peter
|year=2004
|chapter = Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe
|editor= Anna Duszak, Urszula Okulska 
|title =Speaking from the margin: global English from a European perspective 
|location= Frankfurt
|publisher =Peter Lang 
|pages=35–49 
|language=en 
|isbn=9783631526637
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Trudgill 
|first=Peter 
|year=2006 
|chapter=Standard and Dialect Vocabulary
|pages=119–121
|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
|volume=12
|editor-first=Keith
|editor-last=Brown
|publisher=Elsevier
|edition=2nd
|isbn=978-0-08-044299-0 
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Van Mol
|first=Mark
|year=2003
|title=Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation into the Use of Complementary Particles
|isbn=9789042911581
|publisher=Peeters Publishers
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kai-M4efjDkC
|language=en
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Vogl
|first=Ulrike
|year=2012
|editor-last=Hüning
|editor2-last=Vogl
|editor2-first=Ulrike
|editor3-last=Moliner
|editor3-first=Olivier
|chapter=Multilingualism in a Standard Language Culture
|title=Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History
|series=Multilingualism and diversity management
|volume=1
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZqBCTDxqcgC
|isbn=9789027200556
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Williams
|first=Raymond
|year=1983
|chapter=Standards
|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society'
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|pages=296–299
}}
{{refend}}

==Bacaan lanjut==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last=Ammon 
|first=Ulrich 
|year=1995 
|language=de 
|title=Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten 
|trans-title=German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties 
|location=Berlin & New York 
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter 
|oclc=33981055
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Joseph 
|first=John E.
|year=1987 
|title=Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages
|location=New York
|publisher=Blackwell
|isbn=978-1-55786-001-9 
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Kloss
|first=Heinz
|chapter=Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen
|trans-chapter=Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages
|editor1-last=Göschel
|editor1-first=Joachim
|editor2-last=Nail
|editor2-first=Norbert
|editor3-last=van der Elst 
|editor3-first=Gaston
|title=Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung 
|publisher=F. Steiner
|pages=301–322
|series=Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16 
|location=Wiesbaden 
|year=1976 
|oclc=2598722
}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

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