Batoidea

Batoidea; Julat zaman: Jura Awal–Kini PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Ralat ungkapan: Pengendali < tidak dijangka Ralat ungkapan: Pengendali < tidak dijangka
	Pari setan gergasi, Mobula mobular
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Chondrichthyes
Klad:	Neoselachii
Superorder:	Batoidea; Compagno, 1973
Order
	Myliobatiformes; Rajiformes; Rhinopristiformes; Torpediniformes;
Sinonim
	Batoidimorpha; Myliobatoidea?;

Batoidea ialah superorder bagi ikan berawan, yang sering dipanggil pari. Ia dan saudara rapatnya, yu, membentuk subkelas Elasmobranchii. Pari adalah kumpulan terbesar ikan berawan, dengan lebih 600 spesies dalam 26 keluarga. Pari dibezakan dengan tubuh meleper, sirip dada membesar yang bercantum dengan kepala, dan lekah insang yang terletak di permukaan depan.

Lebih 600 spesies didapati bertaburan di kedua-dua air tawar dan laut baik yang dalam, mahupun yang cetek di kawasan tropika.^[2]

Anatomi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Batoid ini bertubuh leper, dan merupakan ikan berawan sama seperti yu, bermaksud ia mempunyai rangka tanpa tulang yang dibina daripada rawan mulur yang tegar. Kebanyakan batoid mempunyai lubang depan menutupi insang di bahagian bawah badan ikan: banyak spesies pari mempunyai lima lubang manakala spesies keluarga Hexatrygonidae mempunyai enam lubang.

Berhampiran pangkal ekor pari terdapat sengat sekitar 8-inci yang diselitupi dengan bahan yang sama yang membentuk sisik yu, yang dikenali sebagai dermis dentikel (dermal denticles). Hujung ini, yang menjadi keras dan tegang apabila pari berasa terancam, berbentuk seperti pisau daging bergerigi dan memiliki bisa yang mengancam pemangsa. Sebahagian besar racun itu sendiri adalah toksin berasaskan protein yang menyebabkan kesakitan pada mamalia dan boleh juga mengubah kadar degupan jantung dan pernafasan, mengikut pada Makmal Mote Marine. Pari jarang menyerang manusia, bagaimanapun sekiranya ia dipijak, pari akan gunakan sengatnya sebagai suatu bentuk pertahanan diri," mengikut Nancy Passarelli dan Andrew Piercy bagi Muzium Sejarah Semula Jadi Florida. "Walaupun ditikam oleh ekor pari amat menyakitkan, ia adalah jarang menjadi ancaman kepada nyawa manusia."

Telur-telur pari disenyawakan dari dalam yang dapat mengelakkan dimangsakan serta memelihara benih jantan dan tenaga yang digunakan sepenuhnya semasa pembiakan.^[3]

Taksonomi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Spesies-spesies pari dapat digolongkan kepada empat kelompok utama:

Order	Gambar	Bil. keluarga	Bil. genus	Bil. spesies				Ulasan
Order	Gambar	Bil. keluarga	Bil. genus	Jumlah				Ulasan
Myliobatiformes		10	29	223	1	16	33	^[a]^[4]
Rajiformes		5	36	270	4	12	26	^[b]
Torpediniformes		4	12	69	2		9	^[c]^[5]
Rhinopristiformes		1	2	5-7	3-5	2		^[d]^[6]

Order Torpediniformes

Keluarga Hypnidae (pari keranda)
Keluarga Narcinidae (pari kebas)
Keluarga Narkidae (pari tidur)
Keluarga Torpedinidae (pari torpedo)

Order Rhinopristiformes

Keluarga Glaucostegidae (pari kemejan gergasi)
Keluarga Platyrhinidae* (pari kipas)
Keluarga Pristidae (pari gergaji)
Keluarga Rhinidae (pari baji)
Keluarga Rhinobatidae (pari kemejan)
Keluarga Trygonorrhinidae (pari banjo)
Keluarga Zanobatidae* (pari dulang)

* penempatan bagi keluarga ini tidak tentu

Order Rajiformes

Keluarga Anacanthobatidae (toka kaki)
Keluarga Arhynchobatidae (toka hidung lembut)
Keluarga Gurgesiellidae (toka pigmi)
Keluarga Rajidae (toka)

Order Myliobatiformes

Keluarga Aetobatidae (pari lang pelagik)
Keluarga Dasyatidae (pari ketuka)
Keluarga Gymnuridae (pari kupu)
Keluarga Hexatrygonidae (pari insang enam)
Keluarga Myliobatidae (pari setan)
Keluarga Plesiobatidae (pari bulat gergasi)
Keluarga Potamotrygonidae (pari Neotropika)
Keluarga Rhinopteridae (pari hidung lembu)
Keluarga Urolophidae (pari bulat)
Keluarga Urotrygonidae (pari bulat Amerika)

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Myliobatiformes include stingrays, butterfly rays, eagle rays, and manta rays. They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more-recent phylogenetic studies have shown that they are a monophyletic group, and that its more-derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.^[4]
^ Rajiformes include skates, guitarfishes, and wedgefishes. They are distinguished by the presence of greatly enlarged pectoral fins, which reach as far forward as the sides of the head, with a generally flattened body. The undulatory pectoral fin motion diagnostic to this taxon is known as rajiform locomotion. The eyes and spiracles are located on the upper surface of the body, and the gill slits on the underside. They have flattened, crushing teeth, and are generally carnivorous. Most species give birth to live young, although some lay eggs inside a protective capsule or mermaid's purse.
^ The electric rays have electric organs in their pectoral fin discs that generate electric current. They are used to immobilize prey and for defense. The current is strong enough to stun humans, and the ancient Greeks and Romans used these fish to treat ailments such as headaches.^[5]
^ The sawfishes are shark-like in form, having tails used for swimming and smaller pectoral fins than most batoids. The pectoral fins are attached above the gills as in all batoids, giving the fishes a broad-headed appearance. They have long, flat snouts with a row of tooth-like projections on either side. The snouts are up to 1.8 metres (6 ft) long, and 30 centimetres (1 ft) wide, and are used for slashing and impaling small fishes and to probe in the mud for embedded animals. Sawfishes can enter freshwater rivers and lakes. Some species reach a total length of 6 metres (20 ft). All species of sawfish are endangered or critically endangered.^[6]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Aschliman, Neil C.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Rosana, Kerri M.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.
^ Helfman, Gene S. (2013). "Fishes". Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (ed. ke-2). m/s. 456–476.
^ "Reproduction overall". Risk Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography & Marine Fish Species. Canadian Shark Research Lab. Skates and rays of Atlantic Canada. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 Januari 2015. Dicapai pada 27 Mei 2012.
^ ^a ^b Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (ed. fourth). John Wiley. m/s. 69–82. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
^ ^a ^b Bullock, Theodore Holmes; Hopkins, Carl D.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. (2005). Electroreception. Springer. m/s. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1.
^ ^a ^b Faria, Vicente V.; McDavitt, Matthew T.; Charvet, Patricia; Wiley, Tonya R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2013). "Species delineation and global population structure of critically endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167: 136–164. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x.

Rencana berkaitan ikan ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[5] Myliobatiformes include stingrays, butterfly rays, eagle rays, and manta rays. They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more-recent phylogenetic studies have shown that they are a monophyletic group, and that its more-derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.^[4]

[6] Rajiformes include skates, guitarfishes, and wedgefishes. They are distinguished by the presence of greatly enlarged pectoral fins, which reach as far forward as the sides of the head, with a generally flattened body. The undulatory pectoral fin motion diagnostic to this taxon is known as rajiform locomotion. The eyes and spiracles are located on the upper surface of the body, and the gill slits on the underside. They have flattened, crushing teeth, and are generally carnivorous. Most species give birth to live young, although some lay eggs inside a protective capsule or mermaid's purse.

[8] The electric rays have electric organs in their pectoral fin discs that generate electric current. They are used to immobilize prey and for defense. The current is strong enough to stun humans, and the ancient Greeks and Romans used these fish to treat ailments such as headaches.^[5]

[10] The sawfishes are shark-like in form, having tails used for swimming and smaller pectoral fins than most batoids. The pectoral fins are attached above the gills as in all batoids, giving the fishes a broad-headed appearance. They have long, flat snouts with a row of tooth-like projections on either side. The snouts are up to 1.8 metres (6 ft) long, and 30 centimetres (1 ft) wide, and are used for slashing and impaling small fishes and to probe in the mud for embedded animals. Sawfishes can enter freshwater rivers and lakes. Some species reach a total length of 6 metres (20 ft). All species of sawfish are endangered or critically endangered.^[6]

[1] Aschliman, Neil C.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Rosana, Kerri M.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.

[2] Helfman, Gene S. (2013). "Fishes". Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (ed. ke-2). m/s. 456–476.

[AtlanCan-3] "Reproduction overall". Risk Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography & Marine Fish Species. Canadian Shark Research Lab. Skates and rays of Atlantic Canada. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 Januari 2015. Dicapai pada 27 Mei 2012.

[nelson-4] Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (ed. fourth). John Wiley. m/s. 69–82. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.

[bullock-7] Bullock, Theodore Holmes; Hopkins, Carl D.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. (2005). Electroreception. Springer. m/s. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1.

[Faria_etal_2013-9] Faria, Vicente V.; McDavitt, Matthew T.; Charvet, Patricia; Wiley, Tonya R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2013). "Species delineation and global population structure of critically endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167: 136–164. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x.

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