Ikan pari

Ikan pari; Julat zaman: Jurasik Awal–Kini PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Mobula mobular
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Animalia
Filum:	Kordata
Kelas:	Chondrichthyes
Klad:	Neoselachii
Superorder:	Batoidea; Compagno, 1973
Order
	Myliobatiformes; Rajiformes; Rhinopristiformes; Torpediniformes;
Sinonim
	Batoidimorpha; Myliobatoidea?;

Ikan pari (Jawi: ‏ايکن ڤاري‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) adalah nama umum untuk superorder ikan berawan Batoidea. Ikan-ikan ini serumpun pertalian dengan ikan jerung dalam cabang kelas Elasmobranchii tetapi dibezakan dari kelompok kedua pemangsa berahang di mana ikan-ikan pari jarang sekali mengugut manusia dan mulutnya yang kecil bukanlah ancaman sama sekali.

Lebih 600 spesies yang didapati bertaburan di dua-dua air tawar dan air lautan baik yang dalam, mahupun yang cetek di kawasan tropika.^[2]

Anatomi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Ikan-ikan pari "batoid" ini berbadan lipih atau datar dibina dari tulang-tulang rawan mulur dan tegar. Ikan-ikan pari juga mempunyai lubang depan menutupi insang di bahagian bawah badan ikan: banyak spesies pari mempunyai lima lubang manakala spesies keluarga Hexatrygonidae mempunyai enam lubang.

Berhampiran pangkal ekor ikan pari terdapat taji sekitar 8-inci yang diselitupi dengan bahan yang sama yang membentuk sisik yu, yang dikenali sebagai dermis dentikle (dermal denticles). Hujung ini, yang menjadi keras dan tegang apabila ikan pari merasa terancam, berbentuk seperti pisau daging bergerigi dan memiliki bisa yang mengancam pemangsa. Sebahagian besar racun itu sendiri adalah toksin berasaskan protein yang menyebabkan kesakitan pada mamalia dan boleh juga mengubah kadar degupan jantung dan pernafasan, mengikut pada Makmal Mote Marine. Ikan pari jarang menyerang manusia, bagaimanapun sekiranya ia dipijak, ikan pari akan menggunakan tajinya sebagai satu bentuk mempertahankan diri," mengikut Nancy Passarelli dan Andrew Piercy bagi Florida Muzium Sejarah Semulajadi. "Walaupun ditikam oleh ekor ikan pari amat menyakitkan, ia adalah jarang menjadi ancaman kepada nyawa manusia."

Telur-telur ikan pari disenyawakan dari dalam yang dapat mengelakkan dimangsakan serta memelihara benih jantan dan tenaga yang digunakan sepenuhnya semasa pembiakan.^[3]

Taksonomi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Spesies-spesies ikan pari dapat digolongkan kepada empat kelompok utama:

Order	Gambar	Bil. keluarga	Bil. genus	Bil. spesies				Ulasan
Order	Gambar	Bil. keluarga	Bil. genus	Jumlah				Ulasan
Myliobatiformes		10	29	223	1	16	33	^[a]^[4]
Rajiformes		5	36	270	4	12	26	^[b]
Torpediniformes		4	12	69	2		9	^[c]^[5]
Rhinopristiformes		1	2	5-7	3-5	2		^[d]^[6]

Order Torpediniformes

Keluarga Hypnidae (coffin rays)
Keluarga Narcinidae (numbfishes)
Keluarga Narkidae (sleeper rays)
Keluarga Torpedinidae (torpedo rays)

Order Rhinopristiformes

Keluarga Glaucostegidae (giant guitarfishes)
Keluarga Platyrhinidae* (fanrays)
Keluarga Pristidae (sawfishes)
Keluarga Rhinidae (wedgefishes)
Keluarga Rhinobatidae (guitarfishes)
Keluarga Trygonorrhinidae (banjo rays)
Keluarga Zanobatidae* (panrays)

* the placement of these families is uncertain

Order Rajiformes

Keluarga Anacanthobatidae (legskates)
Keluarga Arhynchobatidae (softnose skates)
Keluarga Gurgesiellidae (pygmy skates)
Keluarga Rajidae (skates)

Order Myliobatiformes

Keluarga Aetobatidae (pelagic eagle rays)
Keluarga Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays)
Keluarga Gymnuridae (butterfly rays)
Keluarga Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingrays)
Keluarga Myliobatidae (devilrays)
Keluarga Plesiobatidae (giant stingarees)
Keluarga Potamotrygonidae (Neotropical stingrays)
Keluarga Rhinopteridae (cownose rays)
Keluarga Urolophidae (stingarees)
Keluarga Urotrygonidae (round stingrays)

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Myliobatiformes include stingrays, butterfly rays, eagle rays, and manta rays. They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more-recent phylogenetic studies have shown that they are a monophyletic group, and that its more-derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.^[4]
^ Rajiformes include skates, guitarfishes, and wedgefishes. They are distinguished by the presence of greatly enlarged pectoral fins, which reach as far forward as the sides of the head, with a generally flattened body. The undulatory pectoral fin motion diagnostic to this taxon is known as rajiform locomotion. The eyes and spiracles are located on the upper surface of the body, and the gill slits on the underside. They have flattened, crushing teeth, and are generally carnivorous. Most species give birth to live young, although some lay eggs inside a protective capsule or mermaid's purse.
^ The electric rays have electric organs in their pectoral fin discs that generate electric current. They are used to immobilize prey and for defense. The current is strong enough to stun humans, and the ancient Greeks and Romans used these fish to treat ailments such as headaches.^[5]
^ The sawfishes are shark-like in form, having tails used for swimming and smaller pectoral fins than most batoids. The pectoral fins are attached above the gills as in all batoids, giving the fishes a broad-headed appearance. They have long, flat snouts with a row of tooth-like projections on either side. The snouts are up to 1.8 metres (6 ft) long, and 30 centimetres (1 ft) wide, and are used for slashing and impaling small fishes and to probe in the mud for embedded animals. Sawfishes can enter freshwater rivers and lakes. Some species reach a total length of 6 metres (20 ft). All species of sawfish are endangered or critically endangered.^[6]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Aschliman, Neil C.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Rosana, Kerri M.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.
^ Helfman, Gene S. (2013). "Fishes". Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (ed. ke-2). m/s. 456–476.
^ "Reproduction overall". Risk Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography & Marine Fish Species. Canadian Shark Research Lab. Skates and rays of Atlantic Canada. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 Januari 2015. Dicapai pada 27 Mei 2012.
^ ^a ^b Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (ed. fourth). John Wiley. m/s. 69–82. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
^ ^a ^b Bullock, Theodore Holmes; Hopkins, Carl D.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. (2005). Electroreception. Springer. m/s. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1.
^ ^a ^b Faria, Vicente V.; McDavitt, Matthew T.; Charvet, Patricia; Wiley, Tonya R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2013). "Species delineation and global population structure of critically endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167: 136–164. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x.

Rencana berkaitan ikan ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[5] Myliobatiformes include stingrays, butterfly rays, eagle rays, and manta rays. They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more-recent phylogenetic studies have shown that they are a monophyletic group, and that its more-derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.^[4]

[6] Rajiformes include skates, guitarfishes, and wedgefishes. They are distinguished by the presence of greatly enlarged pectoral fins, which reach as far forward as the sides of the head, with a generally flattened body. The undulatory pectoral fin motion diagnostic to this taxon is known as rajiform locomotion. The eyes and spiracles are located on the upper surface of the body, and the gill slits on the underside. They have flattened, crushing teeth, and are generally carnivorous. Most species give birth to live young, although some lay eggs inside a protective capsule or mermaid's purse.

[8] The electric rays have electric organs in their pectoral fin discs that generate electric current. They are used to immobilize prey and for defense. The current is strong enough to stun humans, and the ancient Greeks and Romans used these fish to treat ailments such as headaches.^[5]

[10] The sawfishes are shark-like in form, having tails used for swimming and smaller pectoral fins than most batoids. The pectoral fins are attached above the gills as in all batoids, giving the fishes a broad-headed appearance. They have long, flat snouts with a row of tooth-like projections on either side. The snouts are up to 1.8 metres (6 ft) long, and 30 centimetres (1 ft) wide, and are used for slashing and impaling small fishes and to probe in the mud for embedded animals. Sawfishes can enter freshwater rivers and lakes. Some species reach a total length of 6 metres (20 ft). All species of sawfish are endangered or critically endangered.^[6]

[1] Aschliman, Neil C.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Rosana, Kerri M.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.

[2] Helfman, Gene S. (2013). "Fishes". Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (ed. ke-2). m/s. 456–476.

[AtlanCan-3] "Reproduction overall". Risk Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography & Marine Fish Species. Canadian Shark Research Lab. Skates and rays of Atlantic Canada. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 Januari 2015. Dicapai pada 27 Mei 2012.

[nelson-4] Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (ed. fourth). John Wiley. m/s. 69–82. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.

[bullock-7] Bullock, Theodore Holmes; Hopkins, Carl D.; Popper, Arthur N.; Fay, Richard R. (2005). Electroreception. Springer. m/s. 5–7. ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1.

[Faria_etal_2013-9] Faria, Vicente V.; McDavitt, Matthew T.; Charvet, Patricia; Wiley, Tonya R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2013). "Species delineation and global population structure of critically endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 167: 136–164. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x.

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