Arkeopteriks: Perbezaan antara semakan

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{{Kotak info taksonomi
{{speciesbox
| name = ''Archaeopteryx''
| name = ''Archaeopteryx''
| fossil_range = Akhir Hurasik, {{fossil range|150.8|148.5}}
| fossil_range = [[Jura Lewat]], {{Julat fosil|150.8|148.5}}
| image = Archaeopteryx lithographica (Berlin specimen).jpg
| image = Archaeopteryx lithographica (Berlin specimen).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Spesimen Berlin
| regnum = [[Haiwan]]
| image_alt = Fosil Archaeopteryx lengkap, termasuk lekukan pelepag pada sayap dan kaki.
| genus = Archaeopteryx
| phylum = [[Kordata]]
| classis = [[Burung|Aves]]
| species = lithographica
| familia = [[Archaeopterygidae|†Archaeopterygidae]]
| genus = [[Arkeopteriks|†Archaeopteryx]]
| display_parents = 2
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer, 1861
| parent_authority = [[Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer|Meyer]], 1861
| authority = Meyer, 1861 [''nomen conservandum'']
| authority = Meyer, 1861 [''[[nama dipuliharakan|nomen conservandum]]'']
| species = '''†A. lithographica'''
| synonyms =
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Genus synonymy</small>
|title=<small>Kesinoniman genus</small>
|''Griphosaurus'' <br/><small>Wagner, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''Griphosaurus'' <br/><small>Wagner, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''Griphornis'' <br/><small>Woodward, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''Griphornis'' <br/><small>Woodward, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
Baris 21: Baris 23:
}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Sinonim spesies</small>
|title=<small>Kesinoniman spesies</small>
|''[[Pterodactylus]] crassipes'' <br/><small>Meyer, 1857 [''[[nomen rejectum]]'']</small>
|''[[Pterodactylus]] crassipes'' <br/><small>Meyer, 1857 [''[[nama dipuliharakan|nomen rejectum]]'']</small>
|''[[Rhamphorhynchus]] crassipes'' <br/><small>(Meyer, 1857) [''[[nomen rejectum]]'']</small>
|''[[Rhamphorhynchus]] crassipes'' <br/><small>(Meyer, 1857) [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''[[Scaphognathus]] crassipes'' <br/><small>(Meyer, 1857) [''[[nomen rejectum]]'']</small>
|''[[Scaphognathus]] crassipes'' <br/><small>(Meyer, 1857) [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''Archaeopteryx crassipes'' <br/><small>(Meyer, 1857) [''[[nomen rejectum]]'']</small>
|''Archaeopteryx crassipes'' <br/><small>(Meyer, 1857) [''[[nama dipuliharakan|nomen rejectum]]'']</small>
|''Griphosaurus problematicus'' <br/><small>Wagner, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''Griphosaurus problematicus'' <br/><small>Wagner, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''Griphornis longicaudatus'' <br/><small>Woodward, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
|''Griphornis longicaudatus'' <br/><small>Woodward, 1862 [''nomen rejectum'']</small>
Baris 38: Baris 40:
|''[[Wellnhoferia grandis]]''? <br/><small>Elżanowski, 2001</small>
|''[[Wellnhoferia grandis]]''? <br/><small>Elżanowski, 2001</small>
}}
}}
}}
'''''Arkeopteriks''''' atau '''''Archaeopteryx''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑr|k|iː|ˈ|ɒ|p|t|ər|ɨ|k|s}} {{respell|AR|kee|OP|tər-iks}}) merupakan suatu [[genus]] burung awal yang beralih daripada [[dinosaur berbulu pelepah]] kepada [[burung moden]]. Nama genus berasal daripada bahasa [[Bahasa Yunani Purba|Yunani Purba]] ἀρχαῖος ''archaíos'' yang bermaksud "purba" dan πτέρυξ ''ptéryx'' yang bererti "sayap". Sejak lewat abad ke-19, ia secara umumnya diterima oleh para ahli paleontologi dan direkodkan dalam karya rujukan awam sebagai burung tertua yang dikenali (ahli kumpulan [[Burung|Avialae]]).<ref name=Xiaotingia/>Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa spesies Avialae berpotensi yang lebih tua telah dikenal pasti termasuklah ''[[Anchiornis]]'', ''[[Xiaotingia]]'' dan ''[[Aurornis]]''.<ref name=Nature>{{Cite doi|10.1038/nature12168}}</ref>


''Arkeopteriks'' hidup ketika [[Zaman (geologi)|zaman]] [[Jura Lewat]], sekitar 150 juta tahun dahulu di kawasan yang dikenali sebagai selatan [[Jerman]] pada masa kini. Pada zaman itu, benua [[Eropah]] adalah sebuah kepulauan yang berada di laut tropika yang tohor dengan kedudukan yang lebih hampir dengan khatulistiwa berbanding sekarang. Mempunyai bentuk yang serupa dengan burung [[Murai Eurasia]], dengan saiz terbesar mungkin mencapai saiz [[raven]],<ref name=Erickson_etal_2009/> ''Arkeopteriks'' boleh membesar sehingga kira-kira {{convert|0.5|m|ft}} panjang. Walaupun saiznya kecil, sayap yang lebar dan berkeupayaan untuk terbang dan meluncur, Arkeopteriks mempunyai lebih banyak persamaan dengan dinosaur zaman Mesozoik kecil yang lain berbanding dengan burung moden. Secara khusus, ia berkongsi ciri-ciri dengan [[Dromaeosauridae#Deinonychosauria|deinonychosaur]] ([[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaur]] dan [[Troodontidae|troodontid]]) seperti rahang dengan gigi yang tajam, tiga jari dengan cakar, ekor bertulang yang panjang, jari kaki kedua yang boleh diperluaskan ("cakar membunuh"), bulu pelepah (yang juga mencadangkan [[homeoterma]]) serta pelbagai ciri rangka.<ref name=Yalden_1/><ref name=UCal_Chiappe/>
Archeopteryx ialah burung yang tertua, dengan ciri-ciri gabungan di antara reptilia dan burung. Ia mempunyai gigi dan bulu pelepah yang menyerupai burung. Fosil Archeopteryx telah digali dari sebuah kawasan berpaya di Jerman pada tahun 1860-an




== Rujukan ==
== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
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<ref name="Owen 1">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1863.0003 | last1 = Owen | first1 = R. | year = 1863 | title = On the Archaeopteryx of Von Meyer, with a description of the fossil remains of a long-tailed species from the lithographic stone of Solnhofen | url = | journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] | volume = 153 | issue = | pages = 33–47 }}</ref>

<ref name="Paleogeo">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 130 (1997) 275-292</ref>

<ref name="Paul 1">{{cite book |last=Paul |first=Gregory S. |authorlink=Gregory S. Paul |title=Dinosaurs of the Air: the Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds |year=2002 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=0-8018-6763-0 }}</ref>

<ref name="Paul 1988">Paul, G. S. (1988). ''Predatory Dinosaurs of the World, a Complete Illustrated Guide''. Simon and Schuster, New York. 464 p.</ref>

<ref name="RSW 85a">{{cite journal |last=Watkins |first=R. S. |coauthors=Hoyle, F.; Wickrmasinghe, N. C.; Watkins, J.; Rabilizirov, R.; and Spetner, L. M. |year=1985 |title=''Archaeopteryx'' - a photographic study |journal=British Journal of Photography |volume=132 |pages=264–266 }}</ref>

<ref name="RSW 85b">{{cite journal |last=Watkins |first=R. S. |coauthors=Hoyle, F.; Wickrmasinghe, N. C.; Watkins, J.; Rabilizirov, R.; and Spetner, L. M. |year=1985 |title=''Archaeopteryx'' - a further comment |journal=British Journal of Photography |volume=132 |pages=358–359, 367 }}</ref>

<ref name="RSW 85c">{{cite journal |last=Watkins |first=R. S. |coauthors=Hoyle, F.; Wickrmasinghe, N. C.; Watkins, J.; Rabilizirov, R.; and Spetner, L. M. |year=1985 |title=''Archaeopteryx'' - more evidence |journal=British Journal of Photography |volume=132 |pages=468–470 }}</ref>

<ref name="Sammler">[http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/794/492155/text/6/ ''Sammler und Forscher - ein schwieriges Verhältnis''] {{de icon}}, [[Sueddeutsche Zeitung]]; published: 25 October 2009; accessed: 25 December 2009.</ref>

<ref name="Sensation">''Archäologischer Sensationsfund in Daiting'', {{de icon}} [[Augsburger Allgemeine]] - [[Donauwörth]] edition; published: 28 November 2009; accessed: 23 December 2009.</ref>

<ref name="senter 1">Senter, P. (2006). ''Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds and the origin of flapping flight''. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. '''51''' (2): 305–313. [http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-305.pdf PDF full text file].</ref>

<ref name="Small JPL">{{cite web | title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9860 Archaeopteryx (1991 PW9) | publisher = [[NASA]] | url= http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9860 | accessdate = 2007-03-01}}</ref>

<ref name="Swinton">{{cite journal | last1 = Swinton | first1 = W. E. | year = 1960 | title = Opinion 1084, Proposed addition of the generic name ''Archaeopteryx'' VON MEYER, 1861 and the specific name ''Lithographica'', VON MEYER, 1861, as published in the binomen ''Archaeopteryx Lithographica'' to the official lists (Class Aves) | url =http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220197 | journal = Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature | volume = 17 | issue = 6–8| pages = 224–226 }}</ref>

<ref name="Thulborn 1984">{{cite journal | last = Thulborn | first = R. A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1984 | month = | title = The avian relationships of ''Archaeopteryx'', and the origin of birds | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 82 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 119–158 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00539.x | url = | accessdate = | quote = }}</ref>

<ref name="Talk Origin 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/archaeopteryx/forgery.html |title=On ''Archaeopteryx'', Astronomers, and Forgery |date=15 December 2007 |accessdate=17 March 2007 |last=Nedin |first=Chris | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070315180204/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/archaeopteryx/forgery.html| archivedate= 15 March 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="UCal MoP">[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html ''Archaeopteryx'': An Early Bird] - [[University of California, Berkeley]], Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 18 October 2006.</ref>


<ref name="UCal Chiappe">{{Cite book|title=Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs|editor=University od California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|author=L. M. Chiappe, L. M. Witme |page=151|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-20094-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2MQeh1KCp7sC|year=2002}}</ref>
<ref name="UCal Chiappe">{{Cite book|title=Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs|editor=University od California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|author=L. M. Chiappe, L. M. Witme |page=151|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-20094-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2MQeh1KCp7sC|year=2002}}</ref>

<ref name="UCalg Long">[http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/september2006/Archaeopteryx-lithographica/ Ancient birds flew on all fours] - Nick Longrich, [[University of Calgary]]. Discusses how many wings an ''Archaeopteryx'' had and other questions.</ref>

<ref name="Wagner 1">A. Wagner (1861). {{lang|de|Über ein neues, angeblich mit Vogelfedern versehenes Reptil aus dem Solnhofener lithographischen Schiefer.}} ''{{lang|de|Sitzungberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-physikalische Classe}}'' 146–154.</ref>

<ref name="Wellnhofer">Wellnhofer, P., & Tischlinger, H. (2004). ''{{lang|de|Das "Brustbein" von Archaeopteryx bavarica Wellnhofer 1993 — eine Revision}}''. Archaeopteryx. 22: 3–15. [Article in German].</ref>

<ref name="weln 04">{{Cite book|title=Feathered Dragons|year=2004|chapter=The Plumage of ''Archaeopteryx''|editor=Currie PJ, Koppelhus EB, Shugar MA, Wright JL|author=P. Wellnhofer|pages=282–300|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-34373-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Wiedergefundener">[http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/messen-wiedergefundener-archaeopteryx-ist-wohl-neue-art_aid_448677.html ''{{lang|de|Wiedergefundener Archaeopteryx ist wohl neue Art}}''] {{de icon}}. ''[[Die Zeit]]''. Accessed: 17 July 2012.</ref>

<ref name="Williams">{{cite web | author = Williams, Gareth | title = Minor Planet Names: Alphabetical List |publisher = [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] | url= http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/lists/MPNames.html | accessdate = 1 March 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Witmer 1">{{cite journal |last1=Witmer |first1=L. M. |year=2004 |title=Palaeontology: Inside the oldest bird brain | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=430 |issue=7000 |pages= 619–620 |pmid= 15295579 |doi=10.1038/430619a|bibcode = 2004Natur.430..619W }}<!-- no abstract available --></ref>

<ref name="Witmer02">{{cite book |title=Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs |chapter=The debate on avian ancestry |last=Witmer |first=Lawrence M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor=Witmer, L.; Chiappe, L. |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-20094-2 |pages=3–30 }}</ref>

<ref name="Yalden 1">{{cite journal |author=Yalden D. W. |title=What size was ''Archaeopteryx''? |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=82 |issue=1–2|pages=177–188 |year=1984 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120801944/abstract |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00541.x}}</ref>

<ref name="Zweers&VandenBerge1997">{{cite journal | last = Zweers | first = G. A. | authorlink = | coauthors = Van den Berge, J. C. | year = 1997 | month = | title = Evolutionary patterns of avian trophic diversification | journal = Zoology: Analysis of Complex Systems | volume = 100 | issue = | pages = 25–57 | issn = 0944-2006 | url = | accessdate = | quote = }}</ref>

}}
}}
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== Bacaan lanjut ==
== Bacaan lanjut ==
Baris 199: Baris 69:
== Pautan luar ==
== Pautan luar ==
{{Wikispecies|Archaeopteryx}}
{{Wikispecies|Archaeopteryx}}
{{commons|Archaeopteryx}}
{{Commons|Archaeopteryx }}
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/archaeopteryx/info.html All About ''Archaeopteryx''], from [[Talk.Origins]].
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/archaeopteryx/info.html Segalanya Tentang ''Archaeopteryx''] daripada [[Talk.Origins]].
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100510151348.htm Use of SSRL X-ray takes 'transformative glimpse'] — A look at chemicals linking birds and dinosaurs.
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100510151348.htm Penggunaan sinar-X SSRL mengambil 'kelibat transformatif'] — Melihat bahan kimia yang menghubungkan burung dan dinosaur.
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html ''Archaeopteryx'': An Early Bird] — University of California Museum of Paleontology.
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html ''Archaeopteryx'': Suatu Burung Awal] — Muzium Paleontologi Universiti California
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/avians.html Are Birds Really Dinosaurs?] — University of California Museum of Paleontology.
* [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/avians.html Adakah Burung Sebenarnya Dinosaur?] — Muzium Paleontologi Universiti California

Semakan pada 01:21, 13 Januari 2014

Archaeopteryx
Julat zaman: Jura Lewat, 150.8–148.5 Ma
↓
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:
Haiwan
Filum:
Kordata
Kelas:
Aves
Keluarga:
†Archaeopterygidae
Genus:
†Archaeopteryx
Spesies:
†A. lithographica
Sinonim
Kesinoniman genus
  • Griphosaurus
    Wagner, 1862 [nomen rejectum]
  • Griphornis
    Woodward, 1862 [nomen rejectum]
  • Archaeornis
    Petronievics, 1917
  • Jurapteryx
    Howgate, 1984
  • Wellnhoferia?
    Elżanowski, 2001
Kesinoniman spesies
  • Pterodactylus crassipes
    Meyer, 1857 [nomen rejectum]
  • Rhamphorhynchus crassipes
    (Meyer, 1857) [nomen rejectum]
  • Scaphognathus crassipes
    (Meyer, 1857) [nomen rejectum]
  • Archaeopteryx crassipes
    (Meyer, 1857) [nomen rejectum]
  • Griphosaurus problematicus
    Wagner, 1862 [nomen rejectum]
  • Griphornis longicaudatus
    Woodward, 1862 [nomen rejectum]
  • Griphosaurus longicaudatus
    (Woodward, 1862) [nomen rejectum]
  • Archaeopteryx macrura
    Owen, 1862 [nomen rejectum]
  • Archaeopteryx siemensii?
    (Dames, 1897)
  • Archaeornis siemensii
    (Dames, 1897)
  • Archaeopteryx owenii
    Petronievics, 1917 [nomen rejectum]
  • Archaeopteryx recurva
    Howgate, 1984
  • Jurapteryx recurva
    (Howgate, 1984)
  • Archaeopteryx bavarica
    Wellnhofer, 1993
  • Wellnhoferia grandis?
    Elżanowski, 2001

Arkeopteriks atau Archaeopteryx (/ˌɑːrkiːˈɒptərᵻks/ AR-kee-OP-tər-iks) merupakan suatu genus burung awal yang beralih daripada dinosaur berbulu pelepah kepada burung moden. Nama genus berasal daripada bahasa Yunani Purba ἀρχαῖος archaíos yang bermaksud "purba" dan πτέρυξ ptéryx yang bererti "sayap". Sejak lewat abad ke-19, ia secara umumnya diterima oleh para ahli paleontologi dan direkodkan dalam karya rujukan awam sebagai burung tertua yang dikenali (ahli kumpulan Avialae).[1]Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa spesies Avialae berpotensi yang lebih tua telah dikenal pasti termasuklah Anchiornis, Xiaotingia dan Aurornis.[2]

Arkeopteriks hidup ketika zaman Jura Lewat, sekitar 150 juta tahun dahulu di kawasan yang dikenali sebagai selatan Jerman pada masa kini. Pada zaman itu, benua Eropah adalah sebuah kepulauan yang berada di laut tropika yang tohor dengan kedudukan yang lebih hampir dengan khatulistiwa berbanding sekarang. Mempunyai bentuk yang serupa dengan burung Murai Eurasia, dengan saiz terbesar mungkin mencapai saiz raven,[3] Arkeopteriks boleh membesar sehingga kira-kira 0.5 meter (1.6 ka) panjang. Walaupun saiznya kecil, sayap yang lebar dan berkeupayaan untuk terbang dan meluncur, Arkeopteriks mempunyai lebih banyak persamaan dengan dinosaur zaman Mesozoik kecil yang lain berbanding dengan burung moden. Secara khusus, ia berkongsi ciri-ciri dengan deinonychosaur (dromaeosaur dan troodontid) seperti rahang dengan gigi yang tajam, tiga jari dengan cakar, ekor bertulang yang panjang, jari kaki kedua yang boleh diperluaskan ("cakar membunuh"), bulu pelepah (yang juga mencadangkan homeoterma) serta pelbagai ciri rangka.[4][5]


Rujukan

  1. ^ Xing Xu, Hailu You, Kai Du and Fenglu Han (28 Julai 2011). "AnArchaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae". Nature. 475 (7357): 465–470. doi:10.1038/nature10288. PMID 21796204.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ doi:10.1038/nature12168
    Petikan ini akan disiapkan secara automatik dalam beberapa minit. Anda boleh memotong barisan atau mengembangkannya sendiri
  3. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Erickson_etal_2009
  4. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Yalden_1
  5. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama UCal_Chiappe

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Erickson etal 2009" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.
Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Yalden 1" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "UCal Chiappe" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Bacaan lanjut

  • G. R. de Beer (1954). Archaeopteryx lithographica: a study based upon the British Museum specimen. Trustees of the British Museum, London.
  • P. Chambers (2002). Bones of Contention: The Fossil that Shook Science. John Murray, London. ISBN 0-7195-6059-4.
  • A. Feduccia (1996). The Origin and Evolution of Birds. Yale University Press, New Haven. ISBN 0-300-06460-8.
  • Heilmann, G. (1926). The Origin of Birds. Witherby, London.
  • T. H. Huxley. (1871). Manual of the anatomy of vertebrate animals. London.
  • H. von Meyer (1861). Archaeopteryx litographica (Vogel-Feder) und Pterodactylus von Solenhofen. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde. 1861: 678–679, plate V. [Article in German]. Full text, Google Books.
  • P. Shipman (1998). Taking Wing: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-84156-4.
  • P. Wellnhofer (2008). Archaeopteryx — Der Urvogel von Solnhofen (in German). Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munich. ISBN 978-3-89937-076-8.

Pautan luar

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