Projek Rover
 Kiwi A Prime di tempat ujian | |
| Negara asal | Amerika Syarikat |
|---|---|
| Pereka bentuk | Makmal Saintifik Los Alamos |
| Pengilang | Makmal Saintifik Los Alamos |
| Aplikasi | Penyelidikan dan pembangunan |
| Pengganti | NERVA |
| Status | Disarakan |
| Cecair | |
| Prestasi | |
| Tujahan, hampagas | 245,000 N (55,000 lbf) |
| Tekanan kamar | 3,450 kilopascal (500 psi) |
| Impuls khusus, hampagas | 834 saat (8.18 km/s) |
| Masa bakar | 480 saat |
| Pemulaan semula | 1 |
| Dimensi | |
| Panjang | 140 sentimeter (54 in) (core) |
| Diameter | 80 sentimeter (32 in) (core) |
| Reaktor nuklear | |
| Operational | 1959 ke 1964 |
| Status | Ditamatkan perkhidmatan |
| Parameter utama teras reaktor | |
| Fuel (fissile material) | Highly enriched uranium |
| Keadaan bahan api | Solid |
| spektrum tenaga Neutron | Thermal |
| Kaedah kawalan utama | Gendang kawalan |
| Penyederhana utama | Grafit nuklear |
| Bahan penyejuk utama | Hidrogen cecair |
| Pengunaan reaktor | |
| Kuasa (thermal) | 937 MW |
| References | |
| Rujukan | [1] |
| Catatan | Data adalah untuk versi Kiwi B4E. |
Project Rover dululah projek Amerika Syarikat untuk membangunkan roket haba-nuklear yang dijalankan dari 1955 hingga 1973 di Makmal Saintifik Los Alamos (LASL). Ia bermula sebagai projek Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat untuk membangunkan peringkat atas berkuasa nuklear untuk peluru berpandu balistik antara benua (ICBM). Projek ini telah dipindahkan ke NASA pada tahun 1958 selepas krisis Sputnik mencetuskan Perlumbaan Angkasa. Ia diuruskan oleh Pejabat Pendorongan Nuklear Angkasa (SNPO), sebuah agensi bersama Suruhanjaya Tenaga Atom (AEC), dan NASA. Project Rover menjadi sebahagian daripada projek Enjin Nuklear untuk Aplikasi Kenderaan Roket (NERVA) NASA dan seterusnya menangani penyelidikan reka bentuk reaktor roket nuklear, manakala NERVA melibatkan pembangunan keseluruhan dan penggunaan enjin roket nuklear, dan perancangan untuk misi angkasa.
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Ralat petik: Tag
<ref> dengan nama "fn1" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Finseth 1991, m/s. C-2.
- ^ Heppenheimer 1999, m/s. 423–424.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Borowski, S. K. (18–22 July 1987). "Nuclear Propulsion – A Vital Technology for the Exploration of Mars and the Planets Beyond". Case for Mars III. Boulder, Colorado: NASA. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890001573.pdf. Diperolehi 7 August 2019.
- Borowski, S. K.; McCurdy, D. R.; Packard, T. W. (2013). "Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP): A Proven Growth Technology for Human NEO / Mars Exploration Missions". Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120003776.pdf. Diperolehi 16 July 2019.
- Bowles, Mark D. (June 2006). Science in Flux: NASA's Nuclear Program at the Plum Brook Station. Washington, D.C.: NASA. hdl:2060/20060027114. SP-4317.
- Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979). Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA. ISBN 978-0-486-46756-6. LCCN 79001042. OCLC 4664449. SP-4205. Dicapai pada 20 July 2010.
- Burke, L. M.; Borowski, S. K.; McCurdy, D. R.; Packard, T. W. (2013). "A One-Year, Short-Stay Crewed Mars Mission Using Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Electric Propulsion (BNTEP) – A Preliminary Assessment". NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI). Conference Proceedings, March 2012. Hampton, Virginia: NASA/Langley Research Center. ProQuest 2128302586.
- Bussard, Robert (1953). Nuclear Energy for Rocket Propulsion (Laporan). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Dicapai pada 6 July 2019.
- Chovit, A. R.; Plebuch, R. K.; Kylstra, C. D. (1 March 1965). Mission Oriernted Advanced Nuclear System Parameters Study (PDF) (Laporan). Redondo Beach, California. Dicapai pada 19 July 2019.
- Corliss, William R.; Schwenk, Francis C. (1971). Nuclear Propulsion for Space. Understanding the Atom. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: US Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. OCLC 293250. Dicapai pada 7 July 2019.
- Council on Environmental Quality (December 2007). A Citizen's Guide to the NEPA: Having Your Voice Heard. Washington, D.C.: Office of the President of the United States. Dicapai pada 21 July 2019.
- Dewar, James (2007). To The End of the Solar System: The Story of the Nuclear Rocket (ed. 2nd). Burlington: Apogee. ISBN 978-1-894959-68-1. OCLC 1061809723.
- Engler, Richard (1987). Atomic Power in Space: a History. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy. Bibcode:1987apsh.book....... doi:10.2172/6427889. Dicapai pada 10 July 2019.
- Ertel, Ivan D.; Morse, Mary Louise (1969). The Apollo Spacecraft – A Chronology. Volume I: Through November 7, 1962 (PDF). NASA Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 258337950. SP-4009. Dicapai pada 9 July 2019.
- Finseth, J. L. (1991). Overview of Rover Engine Tests – Final Report (PDF) (Laporan). Washington, D.C.: NASA. Dicapai pada 8 July 2019.
- Fishbine, Brian; Hanrahan, Robert; Howe, Steven; Malenfant, Richard; Scherer, Carolynn; Sheinberg, Haskell; Ramos, Octavio Jr. (2011). "-Nuclear Rockets: To Mars and Beyond" (PDF). National Security Science. No. 1. m/s. 16–24. Dicapai pada 15 July 2019.
- Haslett (May 1995). Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Program Final Report (PDF) (Laporan). Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico: Phillips Laboratory. Dicapai pada 15 July 2019.
- Heppenheimer, T. A. (1999). The Space Shuttle Decision (PDF). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-58834-014-7. SP-4221. Dicapai pada 10 August 2019.
- Koenig, Daniel R. (May 1986). Experience Gained from the Space Nuclear Rocket Program (Rover) (PDF) (Laporan). Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-10062-H. Dicapai pada 8 July 2019.
- Lieberman, Robert J. (16 December 1992). Audit Report on the Timber Wind Special Access Program (PDF) (Laporan). Arlington, Virginia: United States Department of Defense. 93-033. Dicapai pada 18 July 2019.
- Logsdon, John M. (1976). The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 849992795.
- Miller, M. G. (December 1984). Nevada Test Site Area 25 Radiological Survey and Cleanup Project (PDF) (Laporan). Las Vegas, Nevada: Reynold Electrical and Engineering. Dicapai pada 10 August 2019.
- Newell, Homer E.; Hollingsworth, R. E. (December 1971). Environmental Statement. Reactor Testing: FY 1972. Nuclear Rocket Development Station, Nevada (PDF) (Laporan). Las Vegas, Nevada: NASA ; AEC. Dicapai pada 21 July 2019.
- Orndoff, J.D.; Evans, A.E. (9 October 1976). STF Simulation With PARKA And Application To Diagnostic Instrumentation Evaluation (Laporan). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. LA-UR-76-2067. Dicapai pada 15 July 2019.
- Paxton, Hugh C. (March 1978). Thirty Years at Pajarito Canyon Site (PDF) (Laporan). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. LA-7121-H. Dicapai pada 15 July 2019.
- Portee, David S. (February 2001). Humans to Mars (PDF). NASA Monographs in Aerospace History No. 21. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4521. Dicapai pada 15 August 2019.
- Rosholt, Robert L. (1969). An Administrative History of NASA, 1958–1963 (PDF). NASA Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 643260325. SP-4101. Dicapai pada 9 July 2019.
- Sandoval, Steve (November 1997). "Memories of Project Rover" (PDF). Reflections. Jil. 2 no. 10. m/s. 6–7. Dicapai pada 14 July 2019.
- Sloop, John L. (1978). Liquid Hydrogen as a Propulsion Fuel, 1945–1959 (PDF). NASA Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4104. Dicapai pada 6 August 2019.
- Spence, Roderick W. (31 May 1968). "The Rover Nuclear Rocket Program". Science. 160 (3831): 953–959. Bibcode:1968Sci...160..953S. doi:10.1126/science.160.3831.953. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1724472. PMID 17768883.
- Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 569889. SP-4201. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 June 2010. Dicapai pada 28 June 2007.
- United States Congress (1971). Nuclear Rocket Engine Program: Joint Hearings before the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences and Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Ninety=Second Congress, First Session, February 23 and 24, 1971. Reports on Atomic Energy. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. Dicapai pada November 13, 2019.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- El-Genk, Mohamed S., penyunting (1994). Prelude to the Future: A Brief History of Nuclear Thermal Propulsion in the United States: A Critical Review of Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, 1984-1993. New York: American Institute of Physics. ISBN 1-56396-317-5. OCLC 31345137.