Surat-menyurat McMahon–Hussein
| Surat-menyurat McMahon–Hussein | |
|---|---|
 Surat daripada McMahon kepada Syarif Mekah, bertarikh 25 Oktober 1915 | |
| Jenis | Surat-menyurat  |
| Pengarang | Henry McMahon, Syarif Husain |
sunting · sunting di Wikidata | |
Surat-menyurat McMahon–Hussein[a] ialah satu siri surat yang diutus semasa Perang Dunia I di mana Kerajaan United Kingdom bersetuju untuk mengiktiraf kemerdekaan Arab selepas peperangan sebagai pertukaran bagi Syarif Mekah melancarkan Pemberontakan Arab menentang Empayar Uthmaniyyah.[1][2] Surat-menyurat itu mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap sejarah Timur Tengah semasa dan selepas perang; pertikaian mengenai Palestin berterusan selepas itu.[b]
Surat-menyurat itu terdiri daripada sepuluh surat yang saling diutus dari Julai 1915 hingga Mac 1916[4] antara Hussein bin Ali, Syarif Mekah dan Leftenan Kolonel Sir Henry McMahon, Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British ke Mesir. Walaupun terdapat beberapa nilai ketenteraan dalam tenaga kerja Arab dan pengetahuan disamping Tentera Darat British, sebab utama pengaturan itu adalah untuk menentang pengisytiharan jihad Uthmaniyyah ("perang suci") terhadap pihak Berikat, dan untuk mengekalkan sokongan 70 juta Muslim di India British (terutamanya mereka yang berada di dalam Tentera India yang telah ditempatkan di semua kancah utama perang yang meluas).[5] Kawasan kemerdekaan Arab ditakrifkan sebagai "di dalam perbatasan dan sempadan yang diusulkan oleh Syarif Mekah" dengan pengecualian "bahagian Syria" yang terletak di sebelah barat "daerah Damsyik, Homs, Hama dan Aleppo"; tafsiran yang bercanggah tentang perihalan ini telah menyebabkan tengkarah yang besar pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. Satu pertikaian tertentu, yang berterusan sehingga kini,[2] ialah sejauh mana pengecualian pantai.[2][c]
Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Juga dikenali sebagai Surat-menyurat Hussein–McMahon. (Arab: مراسلات الحسين – مكماهون, rumi: murāsilāt al-Ḥusayn – Makmāhūn)
- ^ Kedouri menulis: "The genesis, and the subsequent official interpretations, of the McMahon-Husayn correspondence are essential to the understanding of a great deal of Middle-Eastern diplomatic history during and after the first world war, as well as of the Palestine dispute in the 1920s and 30s."[3]
- ^ William Mathew said; "The issue remains a contentious one in the historical literature (notably in the contrasting analyses of Elie Kedourie, on the exculpatory side, and George Antonius and A. L. Tibawi, on the accusatory), although the evidence for British bad faith seems clear enough."[6]
Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Kattan 2009.
- ^ a b c Huneidi 2001.
- ^ Kedouri 2014, m/s. xiii.
- ^ Kedouri 2014.
- ^ Paris 2003.
- ^ Mathew 2011, m/s. 26–42.
Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]
Karya khusus[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Allawi, Ali A. (2014). Faisal I of Iraq. Yale University Press. m/s. 216–. ISBN 978-0-300-19936-9.
- Antonius, George (1938). The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0710306739.
- Barr, James (2011). A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the struggle that shaped the Middle East. Simon & Schuster. m/s. 60. ISBN 978-1-84983-903-7.
- Bennett, G.H. (1995). British foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24. Macmillan Press. m/s. 243. ISBN 978-1-349-39547-7.
- Biger, Gideon (2004). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0.
- Brecher, Frank W. (1993). "French Policy toward the Levant 1914–18". Middle Eastern Studies. 29 (4): 641–663. doi:10.1080/00263209308700971. JSTOR 4283597.
- Charlwood, David J (2014). "The Impact of the Dardanelles Campaign on British Policy Towards the Arabs: How Gallipoli Shaped the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (2): 241–252. doi:10.1080/13530194.2014.936113. S2CID 159974016.
- Dockrill; Steiner (1980). "The Foreign Office at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919". The International History Review. 2 (1): 55–86. doi:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640205.
- Kalisman, Hilary Falb (2016). "The Little Persian Agent in Palestine: Husayn Ruhi, British Intelligence, and World War I" (PDF). Institute for Palestine Studies (66): 67.
- Friedman, Isaiah (1973). The Question of Palestine: British-Jewish-Arab Relations, 1914–1918. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3868-9.
- Friedman, Isaiah (2000). Palestine, a Twice-Promised Land: The British, the Arabs & Zionism : 1915–1920. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3044-7.
- Goldstein, Erik (1987). "British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: The Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (4): 419–436. doi:10.1080/00263208708700719. JSTOR 4283203.
- Goren, Haim; Dolev, Eran; Sheffy, Yigal (2014). Palestine and World War I: Grand Strategy, Military Tactics and Culture in War. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-359-0.
- Havrelock, Rachel (2011). River Jordan: The Mythology of a Dividing Line. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 231–. ISBN 978-0-226-31959-9.
- Hawa, Salam (2017). The Erasure of Arab Political Identity: Colonialism and Violence. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-39006-0.
- Huneidi, Sahar (2001). A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians. I.B. Tauris. m/s. 84. ISBN 978-1-86064-172-5.
- Hadawi, Sami (1991). Bitter Harvest: A Modern History of Palestine. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-0-940793-81-1.
- Hourani, Albert (1981). The Emergence of the Modern Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03862-2.
- Hughes, Matthew (2013). Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-32395-9.
- Hurewitz, J. C. (1979). The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record. British-French supremacy, 1914–1945, Vol. 2. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300022032.
- Ingrams, Doreen (2009). Palestine papers: 1917–1922: seeds of conflict. Eland. ISBN 978-1-906011-38-3.
- Jeffries, Joseph Mary Nagle (1939). Palestine: The Reality. Longmans, Green and Company. m/s. 105.
- Kattan, Victor (2009). From coexistence to conquest: international law and the origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1891–1949. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2579-8.
- Kedouri, Elie (2014). In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and Its Interpretations 1914–1939. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-30842-1.
- Kent, Marian (1977). "Asiatic Turkey, 1914–1916". Dalam F. H. Hinsley and Francis Harry Hinsley (penyunting). British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21347-9.
- Khalidi, Rashid (1991). The Origins of Arab Nationalism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07435-3.
- Lieshout, Robert H. (2016). Britain and the Arab Middle East: World War I and its Aftermath. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-583-4.
- Lieshout, R.H. (1984). "'Keeping Better Educated Moslems Busy': Sir Reginald Wingate and the Origins of the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence". The Historical Journal. 27 (2): 453–463. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00017891. S2CID 159708580.
- Mangold, Peter (2016). What the British Did: Two Centuries in the Middle East. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0857729095.
- Mathew, William M. (2011). "War-Time Contingency and the Balfour Declaration of 1917: An Improbable Regression" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies. 40 (2): 26–42. doi:10.1525/jps.2011.xl.2.26. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2011.xl.2.26.
- Mousa, Suleiman (1978). "A Matter of Principle: King Hussein of the Hijaz and the Arabs of Palestine". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 9 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000052. S2CID 163677445.
- Mousa, Suleiman (1993), "Sharif Husayn and Developments Leading to the Arab Revolt", New Arabian Studies, University of Exeter Press, I: 49–, ISBN 978-0-85989-408-1
- Paris, Timothy J. (2003), Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925: The Sherifian Solution, Frank Cass, ISBN 978-0-7146-5451-5
- Prott, Volker (2016). The Politics of Self-Determination:Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191083549.
- Quigley, John (2010). The Statehood of Palestine: International Law in the Middle East Conflict. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-139-49124-2.
- Reid, Walter (2011). Empire of Sand: How Britain Made the Middle East. Birlinn. ISBN 978-0-85790-080-7.
- Shlaim, Avi (2009). Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-366-7.
- Schneer, Jonathan (2010). The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6532-5.
- Smith, Charles D. (1993). "The Invention of a Tradition The Question of Arab Acceptance of the Zionist Right to Palestine during World War I" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies. XXII (2): 48–61. doi:10.1525/jps.1993.22.2.00p0188v.
- Teitelbaum, Joshua (2001). The Rise and Fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1850654605.
- Wilson, Jeremy (1990). Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T.E. Lawrence. Atheneum. m/s. 1188. ISBN 978-0689119347.
- Yesilyurt, Nuri (2006). "Turning Point of Turkish Arab Relations:A Case Study on the Hijaz Revolt" (PDF). The Turkish Yearbook. XXXVII: 107–108.
- Yapp, Malcolm (1987). The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923. Harlow, England: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-49380-3.
Sejarah am[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Choueiri, Youssef M. (2001). Arab Nationalism: A History Nation and State in the Arab World. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-21729-9.
- Khouri, Fred John (1985). The Arab-Israeli Dilemma. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2340-3.
- Rea, Tony; Wright, John (1997). The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199171705 – melalui Google Books.
- Rush, Alan (1995). Records of the Hashimite dynasties: a twentieth century documentary history. Archive Editions. m/s. 21. ISBN 978-1-85207-590-3.
Karya oleh pihak yang terlibat[sunting | sunting sumber]
Teks penuh McMahon–Hussein Correspondence di Wikisumber- Arab-British Committee (1939), Report of a Committee set up to consider certain correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon [his majesty's high commissioner in Egypt] and the Sharif of Mecca in 1915 and 1916, UNISPAL; pdf version (0.3 MB); Original pdf Diarkibkan 2 Februari 2021 di Wayback Machine (7.3MB)
- McMahon, Henry; bin Ali, Hussein (1939), Cmd.5957; Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, G.C.M.G., His Majesty's High Commissioner at. Cairo and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July, 1915–March, 1916 (with map) (PDF), HMG
- Lansing, Robert (1921). "Chapter XIII 'The System of Mandates'". The Peace Negotiations. Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Palestine Royal Commission (1937), Cmd. 5479, Palestine Royal Commission Report, also known as the "Peel Report" (PDF), HMSO
- Storrs, Sir Ronald (June 1937). The Memoirs of Sir Ronald Storrs. G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
- Toynbee, Arnold; Friedman, Isaiah (1970). "The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence: Comments and a Reply" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 5 (4): 185–201. doi:10.1177/002200947000500411. JSTOR 259872. S2CID 159516218.
- UNSCOP (1947). "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 1947". Rekod Rasmi Sidang Kedua Perhimpunan Agung. Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu.
- Council of Ten (1919), "The Council of Ten: minutes of meetings February 15 to June 17, 1919", Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, IV, Pejabat Percetakan Pemerintah Amerika Syarikat
- Council of Four (1919), "The Council of Four: minutes of meetings March 20 to May 24, 1919", Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, V, Pejabat Percetakan Pemerintah Amerika Syarikat
Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- The Arabian Peninsula in 1914 – Arkib Negara UK (termasuk maklumat mengenai Surat-menyurat Hussein–McMahon)
