Lihat sumber bagi The Birth of a Nation

{{About|filem tahun senyap 1915|filem terbaru dengan tajuk sama|The Birth of a Nation (filem 2016)}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = The Birth of a Nation
| image          = Birth of a Nation theatrical poster.jpg
| alt            =
| caption        = Poster iklan filem
| director       = [[D. W. Griffith]]
| producer       = D. W. Griffith<br />Harry Aitken<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/dwgriffith.htm |title=D. W. Griffith: Hollywood Independent |publisher=Cobbles.com |date=1917-06-26 |accessdate=2013-07-03}}</ref>
| screenplay     = D. W. Griffith<br />[[Frank E. Woods]]
| based on       = ''[[The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan|The Clansman]]''<br />oleh [[Thomas Dixon Jr.|T. F. Dixon Jr.]]
| starring       = [[Lillian Gish]]<br />[[Mae Marsh]]<br />[[Henry B. Walthall]]<br />[[Miriam Cooper]]<br />[[Ralph Lewis (pelakon)|Ralph Lewis]]<br />[[George Siegmann]]<br />[[Walter Long (pelakon)|Walter Long]]
| music          = [[Joseph Carl Breil]]
| cinematography = [[Billy Bitzer|G. W. Bitzer]]
| editing        = D. W. Griffith
| studio         = David W. Griffith Corp.
| distributor    = Epoch Producing Co.
| released       = {{Film date|1915|02|08}}
| runtime        = 12 gelung <br /> {{H:title|Runtime depends on projection speed ranging 16 to 24 frames per second|133–193 minutes}}<ref>{{cite web|title=''THE BIRTH OF A NATION'' (U)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/birth-nation-1970|work=Western Import Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|accessdate=20 Ogos 2013}}</ref>
| country        = AS
| language       = Silent
| budget         = >$100,000<ref name="Hall & Neale (2010)">{{Cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Sheldon |last2=Neale |first2=Stephen |title=Epics, spectacles, and blockbusters: a Hollywood history |series=Contemporary Approaches to Film and Television |year=2010 |publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8143-3697-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro0hASPfC68C&pg=PA270&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 270] (note 2.78)|quote=In common with most film historians, he estimates that ''The Birth of Nation'' cost "just a little more than $100,000" to produce...}}</ref>
| gross          = unknown; estimated $50–100 million<ref name="Monaco">{{cite book |last=Monaco |first=James |title=How to Read a Film:Movies, Media, and Beyond |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-975579-0}}</ref>

}}
[[File:Birth of a Nation (1915).webm|thumb|''The Birth of a Nation'' (1915)]]
[[File:Walthall with DW Griiffith2.jpg|right|thumb|Griffith di set pengambaran ''The Birth of a Nation'' (1915) bersama pelakon [[Henry B. Walthall|Henry Walthall]] dan yang lain-lain]]

'''''The Birth of a Nation''''' (asalnya dipanggil '''''The Clansman''''') merupakan [[filem senyap]] epik [[Amerika Syarikat]] 1915 yang diarahkan dan diterbitkan oleh [[D. W. Griffith]] serta dibintangi oleh [[Lillian Gish]]. Ia merupakan adaptasi dari novel dan pementasan ''[[The Clansman]]'', oleh [[Thomas Dixon Jr.]]. Filem ini ditulis oleh Griffith bersama-sama [[Frank E. Woods]].

Filem ini menjadi penuh kontroversi atas penampilan watak-watak [[Orang Amerika Afrika|berkulit hitam]] ia sebagai berperwatakan ganas (dilakonkan banyak pelakon berkulit putih [[Blackface|dalam solekan khas]]) serta bernafsu buas terhadap wanita, serta menggambarkan [[Ku Klux Klan]] - sebuah kelompok pemerjuang [[Ketuanan Putih|ketuanan kulit putih]] - sebagai wira,<ref>[http://www.moviejustice.com/vault/index.php?p=getitem&db_id=4&item_id=27 MJ Movie Reviews – Birth of a Nation, The (1915) by Dan DeVore]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707194449/http://www.moviejustice.com/vault/index.php?p=getitem&db_id=4&item_id=27|date=7 Julai 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|title=Revered and Reviled: D.W. Griffith's 'The Birth of a Nation'|last=Armstrong|first=Eric M.|date=February 26, 2010|work=The Moving Arts Film Journal|accessdate=13 April 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529224316/http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|archivedate=29 Mei 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> malah penayangan filem ini menjadi antara faktor penting dalam penaikkan nama serta pembentukan semula kelompom tersebut pada tahun 1915. Terdapat banyak tunjuk perasaan dalam golongan masyarakat kulit hitam terhadap penayangan filem dini di serata Amerika Syarikat.<ref name="NAACP">{{cite web|url=http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=125|title="The Birth of a Nation" Sparks Protest|date=|publisher=Mass Moments|accessdate=July 3, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512092354/http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=125|archivedate=12 Mei 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Barisan pelakon==
{{div col||30em}}
* [[Lillian Gish]] 
* [[Mae Marsh]] 
* [[Henry B. Walthall]] 
* [[Miriam Cooper]] 
* [[Mary Alden]] 
* [[Ralph Lewis (pelakon)|Ralph Lewis]] 
* [[George Siegmann]] 
* [[Walter Long (pelakon)|Walter Long]] 
* [[Wallace Reid]] 
* [[Joseph Henabery]] 
* [[Elmer Clifton]] 
* [[Josephine Crowell]] 
* [[Spottiswoode Aitken]] 
* [[George Beranger]] 
* Maxfield Stanley
* [[Jennie Lee (pelakon)|Jennie Lee]] 
* [[Donald Crisp]] 
* [[Howard Gaye]] 

'''Tiada kredit:'''
* [[Robert Harron]] 
* [[Edmund Burns]] 
* [[David Butler (pengarah)|David Butler]] 
* William Freeman 
* [[Sam De Grasse]] 
* [[Olga Grey]] 
* [[Russell Hicks (pelakon)|Russell Hicks]]
* [[Elmo Lincoln]] 
* [[Eugene Pallette]] 
* [[Harry Braham]] 
* [[Charles Stevens (pelakon)|Charles Stevens]] 
* [[Madame Sul-Te-Wan]] 
* [[Raoul Walsh]] 
* [[Lenore Cooper]] 
* [[Violet Wilkey]] 
* [[Tom Wilson (pelakon)|Tom Wilson]] 
* [[Donna Montran]] 
* [[Alberta Lee]] 
* [[Allan Sears]] 
* [[Vester Pegg]]
* [[Alma Rubens]]
* [[Mary Wynn]]
* [[Jules White]]
* [[Monte Blue]]
* [[Gibson Gowland]]
* [[Fred Burns]]
* [[Alberta Franklin]]
* [[Charles King (pelakon)|Charles King]]
* [[William E. Cassidy]]
{{div col end}}

== Rujukan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliografi'''

{{Refbegin|}}
* [[Jane Addams|Addams, Jane]], in ''Crisis: A Record of Darker Races'', X (May 1915), 19, 41, and (June 1915), 88.
* [[Donald Bogle|Bogle, Donald]]. ''Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films'' (1973).
* [[Fawn M. Brodie|Brodie, Fawn M.]] ''Thaddeus Stevens, Scourge of the South'' (New York, 1959), p.&nbsp;86–93. Corrects the historical record as to Dixon's false representation of Stevens in this film with regard to his racial views and relations with his housekeeper.
* Chalmers, David M. ''Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan'' (New York: 1965), p.&nbsp;30 *Cook, Raymond Allen. ''Fire from the Flint: The Amazing Careers of Thomas Dixon'' (Winston-Salem, N.C., 1968).
* [[John Hope Franklin|Franklin, John Hope]]. "Silent Cinema as Historical Mythmaker". '''In''' ''Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II''. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. {{ISBN|978-1-881089-97-1}}
* Franklin, John Hope, "Propaganda as History" pp.&nbsp;10–23 in ''Race and History: Selected Essays 1938–1988'' ([[Louisiana State University Press]], 1989); first published in ''The Massachusetts Review'', 1979. Describes the history of the novel ''The Clan'' and this film.
* Franklin, John Hope, ''Reconstruction After the Civil War'' (Chicago, 1961), p.&nbsp;5–7.
* Hickman, Roger. ''Reel Music: Exploring 100 Years of Film Music'' (New York: [[W. W. Norton & Company]], 2006).
* [[Christopher L. Hodapp|Hodapp, Christopher L.]], and Alice Von Kannon, ''Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies'' (Hoboken: Wiley, 2008) p.&nbsp;235–6.
* [[Ralph Korngold|Korngold, Ralph]], ''Thaddeus Stevens. A Being Darkly Wise and Rudely Great'' (New York: 1955) pp.&nbsp;72–76. corrects Dixon's false characterization of Stevens' racial views and of his dealings with his housekeeper.
* Leab, Daniel J., ''From Sambo to Superspade'' (Boston, 1975), p.&nbsp;23–39.
* ''New York Times'', roundup of reviews of this film, March 7, 1915.
* ''The New Republica'', II (March 20, 1915), 185
* Poole, W. Scott, ''Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting'' (Waco, Texas: Baylor, 2011), 30. {{ISBN|978-1-60258-314-6}}
* [[Francis Butler Simkins|Simkins, Francis B.]], "New Viewpoints of Southern Reconstruction", ''Journal of Southern History'', V (February, 1939), pp.&nbsp;49–61.
* {{citation |last=Stokes |first=Melvyn |title=D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation: A History of "The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time" |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-19-804436-4}}. The latest study of the film's making and subsequent career.
* Williamson, Joel, ''After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction'' (Chapel Hill, 1965). This book corrects Dixon's false reporting of Reconstruction, as shown in his novel, his play and this film.
{{Refend}}

== Pautan luar ==
{{Commons category|The Birth of a Nation}}
* {{IMDb title|0004972}}
* [http://www.brentonfilm.com/articles/the-birth-of-a-nation-controversial-classic-gets-a-definitive-new-restoration ''The Birth of a Nation: Controversial Classic Gets a Definitive New Restoration''] Detailed [http://www.brentonfilm.com/ Brenton Film] article by [[Patrick Stanbury]] on his 2015 restoration, including a history of the film on home video
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbBYa9XHvhY ''The Birth of a Nation at 100''] discussion on the [[British Film Institute|BFI]]'s [[YouTube]] channel
* {{Internet Archive film|dw_griffith_birth_of_a_nation|The Birth of a Nation}}
* {{tcmdb title|5764}}
* {{allrovi movie|5751}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|birth_of_a_nation}}
* [http://chnm.gmu.edu/features/episodes/birthofanation.html GMU.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123071733/http://chnm.gmu.edu/features/episodes/birthofanation.html |date=2009-11-23 }}, "Art (and History) by Lightning Flash": ''The Birth of a Nation'' and Black Protest
* [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030330/REVIEWS08/303300301/1023 ''The Birth of a Nation''] on [[Roger Ebert]]'s list of great movies
* [http://www.filmsite.org/birt.html ''The Birth of a Nation''] on filmsite.org, a web site offering comprehensive summaries of classic films
* [http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-21924:1 Souvenir Guide for ''The Birth of a Nation''], hosted by the  [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History]
* [http://film.virtual-history.com/film.php?filmid=2319 Virtual-History.com], Literature
* [http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/birth-nation-naacp-and-balancing-rights NEH's EDSITEment lesson plan ''The Birth of a Nation'', the NACCP, and the Balancing of Rights]
* [[C-SPAN]] hosted discussions of and aired the film on the occasion of its 100th anniversary:
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?323484-1/qa-dick-lehr ''Q&A'' interview with Dick Lehr on his book ''The Birth of a Nation: How a Legendary Filmmaker and a Crusading Editor Reignited America's Civil War'', January 11, 2015]
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?96839-1/birth-nation-introduction Introduction to screening and discussions, February 14, 2015]
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?324189-1/birth-nation-1915 First part of the film]
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?96839-101/birth-nation-intermission Intermission with discussion]
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?324189-2/birth-nation-part-2 Second part of the film]
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?324112-1/open-phones-birth-nation Open phone discussion with Hari Jones and Dick Lehr]

{{Authority control}}

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