Charadriiformes
| Charadriiformes | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ahli-ahli dalam order ini | |
Pengelasan saintifik  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Alam: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Chordata |
| Kelas: | Aves |
| Infrakelas: | Neognathae |
| Klad: | Neoaves |
| Klad: | Aequorlitornithes |
| Order: | Charadriiformes Huxley, 1867 |
| Suborder | |
Charadriiformes adalah suatu order burung yang rencam dan bersaiz sederhana besar. Ia merangkumi 391 spesies dan berasal dari seluruh dunia. Kebanyakan Charadriiformes tinggal berdekatan dengan sumber air dan makan invertebrata atau haiwan kecil; Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa spesies jenis pelagik (burung laut), beberapa mendiami kawasan gurun dan beberapa jenis boleh didapati di hutan tebal.
Keluarga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Order Charadriiformes mengandungi 3 suborder, 19 keluarga dan 391 spesies.[6][7]
- Suborder Charadrii
- Keluarga Burhinidae – kedidi malam (10 spesies)
- Keluarga Pluvianellidae – kedidi Patagonia
- Keluarga Chionidae – kedidi merpati (2 spesies)
- Keluarga Pluvianidae – kedidi buaya
- Keluarga Charadriidae – rapang (69 spesies)
- Keluarga Recurvirostridae – kedidi kaki panjang (10 spesies)
- Keluarga Ibidorhynchidae – kedidi gunung
- Keluarga Haematopodidae – kedidi tiram (12 spesies)
- Suborder Scolopaci
- Keluarga Rostratulidae – meragi (3 spesies)
- Keluarga Jacanidae – teratai (8 spesies)
- Keluarga Pedionomidae – kedidi puyuh
- Keluarga Thinocoridae – kedidi ayam (4 spesies)
- Keluarga Scolopacidae – kedidi (98 spesies)
- Suborder Lari
- Keluarga Turnicidae – puyuh kecil (18 spesies)
- Keluarga Dromadidae – kedidi ketam
- Keluarga Glareolidae – kedidi padang (17 spesies)
- Keluarga Laridae – camar (103 spesies)
- Keluarga Stercorariidae – camar lanun (7 spesies)
- Keluarga Alcidae – auk (25 spesies)
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| Filogeni Charadriiformes ini berdasarkan kajian Kuhl dan rakan-rakannya yang diterbitkan pada 2020.[4] Keluarga dan jumlah spesies adalah daripada senarai yang dibuat oleh Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen dan David Donsker mewakili International Ornithologists' Union.[6] Subordernya pula menurut takrifan Joel Cracraft pada 2013.[7] |
Nota kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ Bertelli, S.; Lindow, B. E. K.; Dyke, G. J.; Mayr, G. (2013). "Another charadriiform-like bird from the lower Eocene of Denmark". Paleontological Journal. 47 (11). Pleiades Publishing Ltd: 1282–1301. Bibcode:2013PalJ...47.1282B. doi:10.1134/s0031030113110026. hdl:11336/7192. ISSN 0031-0301. S2CID 85141394.
- ↑ Bertelli, S.; Lindow, B. E. K.; Dyke, G. J.; Mayr, G. (2014). "Erratum to: "Another charadriiform-like bird from the Lower Eocene of Denmark"". Paleontological Journal. 48 (13). Pleiades Publishing Ltd: 1441–1448. Bibcode:2014PalJ...48.1441B. doi:10.1134/s0031030114130024. hdl:11336/12701. ISSN 0031-0301.
- ↑ Mayr, Gerald (2016). Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Topics in Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. m/s. 306. ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9.
- 1 2 Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.
- ↑ Černý, David; Natale, Rossy (2022). "Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 177 107620. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.07.15.452585. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620. PMID 36038056.
- 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, penyunting (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List Version 11.2". International Ornithologists' Union. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 October 2020. Dicapai pada 19 December 2021.
- 1 2 Cracraft, Joel (2013). Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr. (penyunting). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Jil. 1: Non-passerines (ed. 4th). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. m/s. xxxvii–xxxviii. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bourdon, Estelle (2006): L'avifaune du Paléogène des phosphates du Maroc et du Togo: diversité, systématique et apports à la connaissance de la diversification des oiseaux modernes (Neornithes) ["Paleogene avifauna of phosphates of Morocco and Togo: diversity, systematics and contributions to the knowledge of the diversification of the Neornithes"]. Doctoral thesis, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle [in French]. HTML abstract Diarkibkan 2011-07-21 di Wayback Machine
- Ericson, Per G.P.; Envall, I.; Irestedt, M. & Norman, J.A. (2003): Inter-familial relationships of the shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) based on nuclear DNA sequence data. BMC Evol. Biol. 3: 16. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-3-16 PDF fulltext
- Fain, Matthew G. & Houde, Peter (2004): Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds. Evolution 58(11): 2558-2573. DOI:10.1554/04-235 PMID 15612298 PDF fulltext Diarkibkan 2013-04-07 di Wayback Machine
- Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998–99): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis 23: 33-78. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
- Paton, Tara A. & Baker, Allan J. (2006): Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39(3): 657–667. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011 PMID 16531074 (HTML abstract)
- Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29: 268-278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8 PMID 13678682 (HTML abstract)
- Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004a): Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-b gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30(3): 516-526. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00222-7 (HTML abstract)
- Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 PMID 15329156 PDF fulltext Supplementary Material
- van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004): Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships. J. Avian Biol. 35(3): 191-194. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x PDF fulltext
- Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A. & Douglas, B.J. (2007): Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 5(1): 1-39. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957 (HTML abstract)