Fonetik
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Fonetik (daripada perkataan Yunani φωνή (phonê) "bunyi" atau "suara") ialah kajian terhadap bunyi fizikal percakapan manusia. Ia berkaitan dengan sifat fizikal bunyi (fon), serta proses penghasilan fisiologi, penerimaan auditori, dan persepsi neurofizikal.
Ilmu fonetik mula dikaji seawal 2,500 tahun lalu di India purba, berikutan catatan Pāṇini mengenai tempat dan kelakuan penghasilan bunyi bagi bunyi konsonan di dalam buku bertarikh abad ke-5 SM dalam Bahasa Sanskrit. Sistem huruf Indik utama hari ini menyusun huruf konsonan mengikut klasifikasi Pāṇini.
Isi kandungan
Jenis fonetik[sunting | sunting sumber]
Phonetik mempunyai tiga cabang utama:
- Fonetik penghasilan bunyi berkenaan penghasilan bunyi percakapan: kedudukan, bentuk, dan pergerakan organ percakapan seperti bibir, lidah dan lipatan vokal.
- Fonetik akustik berkenaan dengan sifat akustik percakapan: sifat gelombang bunyi, seperti kekerapan dan harmonik bunyi.
- Fonetik auditori berkenaan dengan persepsi bunyi: bagaimana bunyi diterima oleh telinga dalam dan seterusnya ditafsir di dalam otak.
- Fonetik forensik adalah kegunaan ilmu fonetik (sains percakapan) bagi tujuan forensik (perundangan).
Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]
Rujukan dan pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Phonetics Laboratory of the Université du Québec à Montréal.
- the Web Site of the Phonetic Sciences Laboratory of the Université de Montréal.
- The International Society of Phonetic Sciences (ISPhS)
- A little encyclopedia of phonetics, Peter Roach, Professor of Phonetics, University of Reading, UK. (pdf)
- The sounds and sound patterns of language U Penn
- UCLA lab data
- UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive
- EGG and Voice Quality (electroglottography, phonation, etc.)
- IPA handbook
- IPA-SAM Phonetic Fonts
- Speech Analysis Tutorial
- Lecture materials in German on phonetics & phonology, university of Erfurt
- Real-time MRI video of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group
- Beginner's course in phonetics, with some exercises
- Praat - Phonetic analysis software
- SID- Speech Internet Dictionary
- Extensive collection of phonetics resources on the Web (University of North Carolina)
Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh.
- Ashby, Michael & Maidment, John. (2005). Introducing Phonetic Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80882-0 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-00496-9 (pbk).
- Catford, J. C. (1977). Fundamental problems in phonetics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X.
- Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). An introduction to phonetics and phonology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5.
- Gussenhoven, C & Broeders, A. (1997). English pronunciation for student teachers. Wolters-Noordhoff BV Groningen, the Netherlands. ISBN 90-01-16703-9
- Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). The handbook of phonetic sciences. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-18848-7.
- Ladefoged, Peter. (1982). A course in phonetics (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
- Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk).
- Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
- Maddieson, Ian. (1984). Patterns of sounds. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Laver, J. (1994).Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). The handbook of speech perception. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22927-2.
- Rogers, Henry. (2000). The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7.
- Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19404-X.
