Kem penghapusan

Kem penghapusan atau kem maut Jerman telah direka dan dibina oleh Jerman Nazi semasa Perang Dunia II (1939–45) untuk membunuh secara sistematik keatas berjuta orang, terutamanya menggunakan gas, tetapi juga dalam hukuman mati besar-besaran dan melalui kerja yang melampau sehingga kebuluran.^[1]^[2]

Idea penghapusan besar-besaran dengan menggunakan kemudahan tetap yang khusus untuk tujuan tersebut merupakan keputusan awal eksperimen Nazi dengan gas beracun sewaktu program rahsia Tindakan T4 euthanasia terhadap pesakit mental Jerman dan cacat anggota,^[3] di ikuti oleh penghasilan bilik gas pembunuh oleh Dr Albert Widmann, ketua ahli kimia Polis Jenayah Jerman (Kripo).^[4] Teknologi tersebut bersama dengan kaedah-kaedah memperdaya mangsa telah disesuaikan, dikembang dan digunakan dalam peperangan untuk pelbagai kumpulan etnik dan bangsa; kaum Yahudi adalah sasaran utama yang menyumbang lebih 90 peratus jumlah kematian di kem penghapusan. Pembunuhan beramai-ramai orang Yahudi Eropah telah menjadi "Penyelesaian Terakhir untuk Permasalahan Yahudi" Reich Ketiga.^[5] Ia kini secara kolektif dikenali sebagai peristiwa Holokus.^[1]^[6]

Kem penghapusan, yang mengakibatkan Serbia tidak lagi membentuk majoriti etnik di Bosnia dan Herzegovina, juga telah didirikan oleh rejim Ustaše fasis daripada Negara Merdeka Croatia menjalankan polisi penghapusan arahan Mile Budak. Ini berakhir dengan 750000 orang Serb mati pada anggaran paling tinggi.^[7]

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kem tahanan Nazi

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b Yad Vashem (2015). "The Implementation of the Final Solution: The Death Camps". The Holocaust. Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Dicapai pada 15 September 2015.
^ Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. m/s. 216. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2.
^ Holocaust Encyclopedia (June 20, 2014). "Gassing Operations". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Dicapai pada 25 January 2015.
^ Christopher R. Browning (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942. Germany and Europe. U of Nebraska Press. m/s. 188–189. ISBN 0803203926. Dicapai pada 16 September 2015.
^ " Die Endlösung der Judenfrage" – Adolf Hitler (In English, "The final solution of the Jewish problem"). Furet, François. Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN 978-0-8052-4051-1
^ Doris Bergen, Germany and the Camp System, part of Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State, Community Television of Southern California, 2004-2005
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Jasenovac tidak disediakan

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bartov, Omer (ed.). The Holocaust: origins, implementation, aftermath. London: Routledge, 2000 ISBN 0-415-15035-3
Gilbert, Martin. Holocaust Journey: travelling in search of the past, Phoenix, 1997. An account of the sites of the extermination camps as they are today, plus historical information about them and about the fate of the Jews of Poland.
Höss, Rudolf (1959). Commandant of Auschwitz. The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess with an Introduction by Lord Russett (PDF file size: 16.7 MB from Scribd). Translated from the German by Constantine FitzGibbon. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York. m/s. 1–311. Dicapai pada 15 January 2015. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-5808.
Klee, Ernst. "'Turning the tap on was no big deal': the gassing doctors during the Nazi period and afterwards," in Dachau Review, vol. 2, 1990.
Levi, Primo. The Drowned and the Saved. London: Michael Joseph, 1986 ISBN 0-7181-3063-4
Cox, John K. (2007). "Ante Pavelić and the Ustaša State in Croatia". Dalam Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (penyunting). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-455-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

The Holocaust History Project, Quick Facts on the Holocaust. Essays, Documents, Reproductions. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Holocaust and concentration camps information
The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
Official U.S. National Archive Footage of Nazi camps
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Holocaust Denial and Operation Reinhard.

[YV-H-1] Yad Vashem (2015). "The Implementation of the Final Solution: The Death Camps". The Holocaust. Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Dicapai pada 15 September 2015.

[Gellately2001-2] Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. m/s. 216. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2.

[Gassing-3] Holocaust Encyclopedia (June 20, 2014). "Gassing Operations". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Dicapai pada 25 January 2015.

[Browning2007-4] Christopher R. Browning (2007). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942. Germany and Europe. U of Nebraska Press. m/s. 188–189. ISBN 0803203926. Dicapai pada 16 September 2015.

[5] " Die Endlösung der Judenfrage" – Adolf Hitler (In English, "The final solution of the Jewish problem"). Furet, François. Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews. Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN 978-0-8052-4051-1

[DB-A-6] Doris Bergen, Germany and the Camp System, part of Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State, Community Television of Southern California, 2004-2005

[Jasenovac-7] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Jasenovac tidak disediakan

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