Nakba

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Nakbah (Arab: النَكْبَة‎‎, rumi: an-Nakbah, lit. 'bencana; kecelakaan'code: ar is deprecated terbitan kata kerja نَكَبَ‎‎ nakaba 'beralih arah', 'ditimpa bencana'^[1]^[2]) atau juga dikenali sebagai Malapetaka Palestin, ialah kemusnahan masyarakat dan tanah air Palestin pada tahun 1948, dan pemindahan kekal majoriti orang Arab Palestin.^[3]^[4] Istilah ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan kedua-dua peristiwa 1948 dan pendudukan berterusan rakyat Palestin di wilayah Palestin (Tebing Barat dan Semenanjung Gaza yang diduduki), serta penganiayaan dan pemindahan mereka di wilayah Palestin dan di kem pelarian Palestin di seluruh rantau ini.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Peristiwa asas Nakba berlaku semasa dan sejurus selepas perang Palestin 1948, termasuk 78% Palestin Bermandat diisytiharkan sebagai Israel, pengusiran dan pelarian 700,000 rakyat Palestin, penyahpenduduk dan pemusnahan lebih 500 kampung Palestin oleh militia Zionis dan pemadaman geografi berikutnya, penafian hak kembali Palestin, kewujudan pelarian Palestin tetap dan "kehancuran masyarakat Palestin".^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Pengusiran rakyat Palestin sejak itu telah disifatkan oleh beberapa ahli sejarah sebagai penghapusan etnik.^[14]^[15]^[16]

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^ Abd. Rauf Dato' Haji Hassan; Abdul Halim Salleh; Khairul Amin Mohd Zain (2005). Kamus Bahasa Melayu-Bahasa Arab Bahasa Arab-Bahasa Melayu. Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar. m/s. 378. ISBN 967-65-7321-3.
^ Ghanim, Honaida (2009). "Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, gender, and social change among Palestinian poets in Israel after Nakba". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 22 (1): 23–39. ISSN 0891-4486. JSTOR 40608203.
^ Webman 2009
^ Sa'di 2002
^ Ashrawi, Hanan (28 August 2001). "Address by Ms. Hanan Ashrawi". www.i-p-o.org. Durban (South Africa): World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 March 2021. Dicapai pada 2023-10-11. a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, 'apartheid, racism, and victimization'
^ Erekat, Saeb (15 May 2016). "Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy". Haaretz. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 26 February 2021. Dicapai pada 2023-10-10.
^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007
^ Manna' 2013
^ Bashir & Goldberg 2018.
^ Masalha 2012.
^ Dajani 2005.
^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007.
^ Khalidi, Rashid I. (1992). "Observations on the Right of Return". Journal of Palestine Studies. 21 (2): 29–40. doi:10.2307/2537217. JSTOR 2537217. Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people – al-nakba in Arabic – is it possible to understand the Palestinians' sense of the right of return
^ Black, Ian (26 November 2010). "Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return". The Guardian.
^ Ilan Pappé, 2006
^ "ARI SHAVIT - SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST? AN INTERVIEW WITH BENNY MORRIS: LOGOS WINTER 2004". www.logosjournal.com. 2004. Dicapai pada 2023-10-10.

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

Alon, Shir (2019). "No One to See Here: Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba". Arab Studies Journal. Georgetown University. 27 (1): 91–117. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 22 December 2022.
Vescovi, Thomas (15 January 2015). La mémoire de la Nakba en Israël: Le regard de la société israélienne sur la tragédie palestinienne. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-336-36805-4. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Baumgarten, Helga (2005). "The Three Faces/Phases of Palestinian Nationalism, 1948–2005". Journal of Palestine Studies. 34 (4): 25–48. doi:10.1525/jps.2005.34.4.25. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2005.34.4.25.
Zureiq, Constantin (1956). The Meaning of the Disaster. Khayat's College Book Cooperative. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021. (Original Arabic version: Zureiq, Constantin (1948). وصف الكتاب. دار العلم للملايين.)
Sa'di, Ahmad H.; Abu-Lughod, Lila (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13579-5.
Nashef, Hania A.M. (30 October 2018). Palestinian Culture and the Nakba: Bearing Witness. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-38749-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Masalha, Nur (9 August 2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-973-2. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Bashir, Bashir; Goldberg, Amos (13 November 2018). The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54448-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Wermenbol, Grace (31 May 2021). A Tale of Two Narratives: The Holocaust, the Nakba, and the Israeli-Palestinian Battle of Memories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-84028-6. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Caplan, Neil (2012). "Victimhood in Israeli and Palestinian National Narratives". Bustan: The Middle East Book Review. 3 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1163/187853012x633508. JSTOR 10.1163/187853012x633508.
Khoury, Nadim (January 2020). "Postnational memory: Narrating the Holocaust and the Nakba". Philosophy & Social Criticism. 46 (1): 91–110. doi:10.1177/0191453719839448. S2CID 150483968.
Sa'di, Ahmad H. (2002). "Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity". Israel Studies. 7 (2): 175–198. doi:10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175. JSTOR 30245590. S2CID 144811289.
Manna', Adel (2013). "The Palestinian Nakba and Its Continuous Repercussions". Israel Studies. 18 (2): 86–99. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86. S2CID 143785830.
KOLDAS, UMUT (2011). "The 'Nakba' in Palestinian Memory in Israel". Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (6): 947–959. doi:10.1080/00263206.2011.619354. JSTOR 23054253. S2CID 143778915.
Sayigh, Rosemary (1 November 2013). "On the Exclusion of the Palestinian Nakba from the 'Trauma Genre'". Journal of Palestine Studies. 43 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51.
Lentin, Ronit (19 July 2013). Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-84779-768-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Al-Hardan, Anaheed (5 April 2016). Palestinians in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54122-0. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Dajani, Omar (2005). "Surviving Opportunities". Dalam Tamara Wittes Cofman (penyunting). How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis of the Oslo Peace Process. US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-929223-64-0. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Webman, Esther (25 May 2009). "The Evolution of a Founding Myth: The Nakba and Its Fluctuating Meaning". Dalam Meir Litvak (penyunting). Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-62163-3. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 2 April 2021.
Schulz, Helena Lindholm (2003). The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26821-9. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 7 April 2021.
Masalha, Nur (2008). "Remembering the Palestinian Nakba: Commemoration, Oral History and Narratives of Memory" (PDF). Holy Land Studies. 7 (2): 123–156. doi:10.3366/E147494750800019X. S2CID 159471053. Templat:Project MUSE. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 3 June 2022. Dicapai pada 30 April 2022.
Darwish, Mahmoud (10–16 May 2001). "Not to begin at the end". Al-Ahram Weekly (533). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 December 2001.CS1 maint: date format (link)
Williams, Patrick (2009). "'Naturally, I reject the term "diaspora"': Said and Palestinian Dispossession". Dalam M. Keown, D. Murphy and J. Procter (penyunting). Comparing Postcolonial Diasporas. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-23278-5. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 January 2023. Dicapai pada 23 April 2021.

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

What Palestinians protest every May 15: The Palestinian Catastrophe, explained. Vox.

Rencana berkenaan Timur Tengah ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Rencana sejarah ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Abd. Rauf Dato' Haji Hassan; Abdul Halim Salleh; Khairul Amin Mohd Zain (2005). Kamus Bahasa Melayu-Bahasa Arab Bahasa Arab-Bahasa Melayu. Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar. m/s. 378. ISBN 967-65-7321-3.

[Ghanim-2] Ghanim, Honaida (2009). "Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, gender, and social change among Palestinian poets in Israel after Nakba". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 22 (1): 23–39. ISSN 0891-4486. JSTOR 40608203.

[Webman29-3] Webman 2009

[Sadi175-4] Sa'di 2002

[5] Ashrawi, Hanan (28 August 2001). "Address by Ms. Hanan Ashrawi". www.i-p-o.org. Durban (South Africa): World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 March 2021. Dicapai pada 2023-10-11. a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, 'apartheid, racism, and victimization'

[6] Erekat, Saeb (15 May 2016). "Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy". Haaretz. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 26 February 2021. Dicapai pada 2023-10-10.

[SadiAbuL10-7] Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007

[Manna87-8] Manna' 2013

[FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg2018-9] Bashir & Goldberg 2018.

[FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-10] Masalha 2012.

[FOOTNOTEDajani2005-11] Dajani 2005.

[FOOTNOTESa'diAbu-Lughod2007-12] Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007.

[13] Khalidi, Rashid I. (1992). "Observations on the Right of Return". Journal of Palestine Studies. 21 (2): 29–40. doi:10.2307/2537217. JSTOR 2537217. Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people – al-nakba in Arabic – is it possible to understand the Palestinians' sense of the right of return

[IANBLACK-14] Black, Ian (26 November 2010). "Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return". The Guardian.

[Pappe2006-15] Ilan Pappé, 2006

[morris_shavit-16] "ARI SHAVIT - SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST? AN INTERVIEW WITH BENNY MORRIS: LOGOS WINTER 2004". www.logosjournal.com. 2004. Dicapai pada 2023-10-10.

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