Rampasan Air France 1976

Operasi Entebbe
Sebahagian daripada Konflik Arab-Israel
Tarikh Julai 4 1976 Lokasi Lapangan terbang Entebbe, Uganda Keputusan Tebusan diselamatkan
Pihak yang terlibat
Israel Israel	PFLP Jerman Revolutionäre Zellen UgandaUganda
Komandan dan pemimpin
Israel Yonatan Netanyahu†	Wadie Haddad Jerman Wilfried Böse Uganda Idi Amin
Kekuatan
29 Komando	Tidak Diketahui
Kerugian dan korban
Yonatan Netanyahu terbunuh tiga tebusan terbunuh lima komando cedera	6 perampas terbunuh 45 askar Uganda terbunuh

Operasi Entebbe, juga dikenali sebagai Peristiwa Entebbe dan kadangkala disebut sebagai Serangan Entebbe, merupakan satu misi menyelamat yang dilakukan oleh Sayeret Matkal (pasukan khas elite Israel) untuk membebaskan para tebusan di Lapangan terbang Entebbe di Uganda. Ia mengambil tempat pada malam Julai 3 dan awal pagi Julai 4, 1976. Ia telah dirancang secara rahsia dan dilakukan menentang kerajaan Uganda, yang mana ketuanya Idi Amin menyokong perampasan tersebut. Satu askar Israel, 45 askar Uganda, enam perampas, dan tiga tebusan telah terbunuh dalam tindakan berkenaan; 100 tebusan telah dibebaskan.

Operasi ini dikenali juga sebagai Operasi Thunderbolt (atau Operasi Thunderball) oleh operatif ketenteraan Israel yang telah merancang dan melaksanakannya. Ia juga dinamakan semula sebagai Operasi Yonatan selepas komander serangan berkenaan, Kolonel Yonatan "Yoni" Netanyahu, hanya askar Israel yang tunggal mati dalam serangan dan abang kepada Benjamin Netanyahu, yang kemudiannya telah menjadi Perdana Menteri Israel.

Rampasan

Pada Jun 27, 1976, Penerbangan 139 Air France , satu Airbus A300 yang berasal dari Tel Aviv, membawa 248 penumpang dan duabbelas anak kapal, telah berlepas dari Athens, menuju ke Paris. Selepas 12:30 p.m. perlepasan, penerbangan itu telah dirampas oleh dua orang Palestin daripada Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - External Operations (PFLP-EO) dan dua orang Jerman daripada "Revolutionary Cells (RZ)", (Wilfried Böse dan Brigitte Kuhlmann) telah mengetuai penerbangan tersebut, mengalihkannya ke Benghazi, Libya. Dari situ, ia telah bertahan selama tujuh jam untuk isian semula minyak, semasa itu seorang perempuan berpura-pura mengandung telah dibebaskan. Kapalterbnag berkenaan telah berlepas dari Benghazi, dan pada 3:15 ia sampai di Lapanganterbang Entebbe (dikenali sekranang sebagai Lapanganterbang Antarabangsa Entebbe) di Uganda.

Di Entebbe, empat orang penculik itu telah diiringi oleh tiga orang gerila tambahan, yang disokong oleh pro-Palestinian forces Presiden Uganda, Idi Amin. Perampas-perampas itu diketuai oleh Böse (dan bukannya, seperti yang biasanya dilaporkan, oleh Ilich Ramírez Sánchez a.k.a. Carlos the Jackal). Mereka menuntut pembebasan 40 orang Palestin yang ditahan di Israel dan 13 orang tahanan lain yang dipenjarakan di Kenya, France, Switzerland, and Germany – dan jika tuntutan-tuntutan ini tidak dipenuhi, mereka mengugut untuk mula membunuh tawanan-tawanan itu pada July 1, 1976.

Perampas-perampas itu menahan penumpang-penumpang sebagai tebusan di dewan transit Lapangan Terbang Entebbe (sekarang adalah terminal lama), dan melepaskan sebilangan besar tebusan, menahan hanya orang-orang Israel dan Yahudi, yang mana mereka mengugut untuk membunuh sekiranya Israel tidak memenuhi tuntutan mereka.

Sebaik pengumuman oleh perampas-perampas bahawa krew pesawat dan para penumpang bukan Israel/Yahudi akan dibebaskan dan akan diletakkan di dalam pesawat Air France yang lain yang telah diterbangkan ke Entebbe bagi tujuan tersebut, Kapten Penerbangan 139 Michel Bacos memberitahu para perampas bahawa semua penumpang termasuk seorang lagi yang masih ada, adalah di bawah tanggungjawabnya dan beliau tidak akan meninggalkan mereka. Seluruh krew Bacos menurutinya. Seorang biarawati Kristian warga perancis turut enggan dan menuntut agar seorang tawanan menggantikan tempatnya, namun beliau dipaksa menaiki kapal terbang Air France yang disediakan oleh askar Uganda. Kesemua 83 tebusan warga Israel/Yahudi dan 20 yang lain yang hampir kesemuanya ialah krew kapal Air France masih dalam tawanan.

Serangan

Pada 1 Julai tempoh akhir yang ditetapkan, kerajaan Israel telah menawarkan rundingan bagi melanjutkan lagi tempoh akhir kepada 4 Julai. Pada 3 Julai, Kabinet Israel meluluskan misi penyelamatan, Operasi Entebbe, dibawah pimpinan Brigadier Jeneral Dan Shomron. Selapas beberapa hari mengumpulkan perisik dan merancang oleh Netanyahu's deputy Moshe "Muki" Betser, 4 kapal terbang transport C-130 Hercules milik Tentera Udara Israel terbang secara rahsia ke Lapangan Terbang Entebbe , dilindungi kegelapan malam , dan tanpa bantuan kawalan darat.Mereka dituruti oleh sebuat jet tentera udara yang membawa kelengkapan perubatan , mendarat di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Jomo Kenyatta di Nairobi, Kenya.

Serangan ke atas Entebbe Airport, dimana tebusan ditempatkan , dilakukan oleh sekumpulan 29 orang Tentera Pertahanan IsraelIDF dan anggota elit Sayeret Matkal komando unit gerakan khas.

Fail:Airkz 20040217 yoni netanyahu.jpg

Israeli Col. Yoni Netanyahu, ground commander during Operation Entebbe

Tentera Israel telah mendarat di Entebbe sejam sebelum tengah malamThe Israeli forces landed at Entebbe an hour before midnight, with their cargo bay doors already open. A black Mercedes with accompanying Land Rovers was taken along to give the impression that the Israeli troops driving from the landed aircraft to the terminal building were an escort for Idi Amin or another high-ranking official. The Mercedes car was borrowed from an Israeli civilian and apparently spray painted black for the raid, on the understanding that it would be returned to the owner in its original color.

The Mercedes and its escort vehicles were quickly driven by the Israeli assault team members to the airport terminal in the same fashion as Amin. However, along the way, two Ugandan sentries, who were aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes to replace his black one, ordered this procession of vehicles to stop. Both of these sentries were immediately shot dead by the Israeli commandos. Fearing premature alerting of associates to the hijackers, the Israeli assault team were quickly sent into action.

The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. The Israelis sprang from their vehicles and burst into the terminal yelling, "Get down! Get down!" in both Hebrew and English. A 19-year-old French Jew named Jean-Jacques Maimoni (who chose to identify himself as an Israeli Jew to the hijackers even though he had a French passport), stood up, however. He was killed by the Israeli commandos, who mistook him for a hijacker. Another hostage, Pasko Cohen, a 52-year-old manager of an Israeli medical insurance fund, was also fatally wounded by gunfire, either from the hijackers or accidentally by the Israeli commandos. A third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who had immigrated to Israel, was also killed in the cross-fire between the hijackers and the Israeli commandos. At one point, an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" He was apparently referring to the hijackers. The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the Israeli commandos threw several hand grenades. They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, thus completing their assault.

Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules had landed and unloaded armoured personnel carriers, which were to be used for defense during the anticipated hour of refueling, for the destruction of grounded Ugandan jet fighters so as to prevent them from pursuing the Israelis after their departure of Entebbe Airport, and for intelligence gathering.

After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages on board. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. Without suffering any fatalities of their own, the Israeli commandos returned fire, finished the loading, and then departed Entebbe Airport.

The entire assault lasted less than 30 minutes and all six of the hijackers were killed. Yonatan Netanyahu was the only Israeli commando who died during the operation. He was killed near the airport entrance, apparently by a Ugandan sniper who fired at the Israeli commandos from the nearby control tower. At least five other Israeli commandos were wounded. Out of the 103 hostages, three were killed and approximately 10 were wounded. A total of 45 Ugandan soldiers were killed during the raid, and about 11 Ugandan Army Air Force MiG-17 grounded fighter planes at Entebbe Airport were destroyed. The rescued hostages were flown out shortly after the fighting via Nairobi to Israel.

Dora Bloch, a 75-year-old hostage who was recovering from a much earlier choking episode, died at Mulago hospital in Kampala after the Israelis struck. In April 1987, Henry Kyemba, who was Uganda's Attorney General and Minister of Justice at the time, told Uganda's Human Rights Commission that Dora Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and murdered by two army officers, all on Amin's orders. Bloch's remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 32 km (20 miles) east of Kampala in 1979, following the Uganda-Tanzania War that led to the end of Amin's rule.

Dokumen British Declassified

A UK Government document released in 2007 contains a British diplomat's unnamed contact's claim that elements planted in the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine by the Israeli Shin Bet helped design the operation to undermine the PLO's standing in France and its rapprochement with the US. The document was written by DH Colvin of the Paris Embassy on 30 June, 1976, while the crisis was still playing out.

Another released document discusses British reticence to congratulate the Israelis based on a question of the operation's legality, which would be contingent on Ugandan collusion, and the public criticism that ensued. One of the draft documents addresses the question of legality, concluding that Amin's government did make it much easier for the hijackers to operate.

Analisis

Templat:Unreferencedsect One of the reasons that the raid was able to be so well planned was that the building in which the hostages were being held was built by an Israeli construction firm. Israeli firms were often involved in building projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. The firm which built the airport terminal still had the blueprints, and supplied them to the government of Israel. But, more importantly, Mossad (Israel's intelligence service) built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of terrorists and the involvement of Ugandan troops from the released hostages di Paris.

While planning the military operation, the Israeli army built a partial replica of the airport building with the help of some Israeli civilians who had helped build the airport terminal. It has been claimed by researchers that after arriving at the military base to begin work on the replica building (not being aware beforehand what they were to do) the civilian Israeli contractors were invited to dinner with the commander of the base. At the dinner, it was indicated to them that, upon completion of the replica, and in the best interest of national security, they would be held guests of the military by remaining a few days. During the entire operation an extremely high level of security was maintained.

According to a July 4, 2006, Associated Press interview with raid organizer Mookie Betzer, Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. As a result, another source of information was a French-Jewish passenger who had been mistakenly released with the non-Jewish hostages. Betzer reports that the man had military training and "a phenomenal memory", allowing him to give information about the number and arms of the hostage-takers, among other useful details.

In the week prior to the raid, Israel had tried a number of political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that the Israeli cabinet was prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years, and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, attempting to obtain the release of the hostages without success.

Selepas Kejadian

The government of Uganda later convened a session of the United Nations Security Council to seek official condemnation of the Israeli raid, as a violation of Ugandan sovereignty. The Security Council ultimately declined to pass any resolution on the matter. In his address to the Council, the Israeli ambassador Chaim Herzog said:

We come with a simple message to the Council: we are proud of what we have done because we have demonstrated to the world that a small country, in Israel's circumstances, with which the members of this Council are by now all too familiar, the dignity of man, human life and human freedom constitute the highest values. We are proud not only because we have saved the lives of over a hundred innocent people — men, women and children — but because of the significance of our act for the cause of human freedom.

For refusing to depart when given leave to do so by the hijackers, Captain Bacos was reprimanded by his superiors at Air France and suspended from duty for a period. [1] The popularity of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin soared in Israel for authorizing the successful rescue.

TV and Feature Film dramatizations

The incident was the subject of several films, two of which were US productions with American/British casts; a third was produced in Israel with mostly Israeli actors in the key roles. The hijacking of Air France Flight AF139 and the subsequent rescue mission is also featured in the documentary Operation Thunderbolt: Entebbe.

• Victory At Entebbe (1976)

  with Anthony Hopkins, Burt Lancaster, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Dreyfuss

  Director: Marvin J. Chomsky

• Raid On Entebbe (1977)

  with Peter Finch, Horst Buchholz, Charles Bronson, Yaphet Kotto, and James Woods

  Director: Irvin Kershner

  Producer: Edgar J. Scherick

• Mivtsa Yonatan (English title: Operation Thunderbolt) (1977)

  Israeli Yehoram Gaon played Col. Netanyahu

  Austrian Sybil Danning and German Klaus Kinski played the hijackers.

  Director: Menahem Golan

  Movie theme song: 'Eretz Hatzvi' ("Land of Deer") performed by Yehoram Gaon

• Operation Thunderbolt: Entebbe (2000)

The Delta Force (1986) is a fictional story strongly patterned after Operation Entebbe.

The incident was also featured in Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1980) and The Last King of Scotland (2006).

Rujukan

• Hastings, Max. Yoni, Hero of Entebbe Bantam Doubleday Dell Publ., 1979. ISBN 0-385-27127-1
• Netanyahu, Iddo. Yoni's Last Battle: The Rescue at Entebbe, 1976, Gefen Books. ISBN 965-229-283-4
• Netanyahu, Iddo. Entebbe: A Defining Moment in the War on Terrorism: The Jonathan Netanyahu Story, New Leaf Press, 2003. ISBN 0-89221-553-4
• Netanyahu, Jonathan / Netanyahu, Benjamin / Netanyahu, Iddo. Self-Portrait of a Hero: From the Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu, 1963-1976, Warner Books, 1998. ISBN 0-446-67461-3
• Netanyahu, Jonathan. The Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu, Gefen Books, 2001. ISBN 965-229-267-2
• Stevenson, William . Ninety Minutes at Entebbe, Bantam Books, 1976. ISBN 0-553-10482-9
• Richler, Mordecai. Solomon Gursky Was Here, Penguin Books, 1989. Pg 539-541. ISBN 0-14-011608-7

Lihat juga

• List of hostage crises
• Operation Opera
• Operation Wooden Leg, the Israeli Air Force raid on Tunisia.
• Wadie Haddad
• Aspen Movie Map — a project whose funding came about because of Operation Entebbe

Pautan luar

• Entebbe Diary - the official, detailed account by the Israeli Defence Forces.
• isayeret.com - The Israeli Special Forces Database
• BBC Article and Videos - 4 July 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages (BBC)
• BBC: 30th anniversary of the raid on Entebbe