Tipu Sultan: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Tipu Sultan
Badshah
Nasib ad-Dawlah
Mir Fateh Ali Bahadur Tipu
Fail:TipuSultanPic.jpg
Sultan Mysore
Pemerintahan10 Disember 1782 – 4 Mei 1799
Kemahkotaan29 Disember 1782
Didahului olehHyder Ali
Diikuti olehKrishnaraja Wodeyar III (sebagai pemerintah Wodeyar)
Keputeraan(1750-11-20)20 November 1750[1]
Devanahalli, kini Bangalore, Karnataka
Kemangkatan4 Mei 1799(1799-05-04) (umur 48)[1]
Srirangapatna, kini Mandya, Karnataka
PemakamanSrirangapatna, kini Mandya, Karnataka
12°24′36″N 76°42′50″E / 12.41000°N 76.71389°E / 12.41000; 76.71389Koordinat: 12°24′36″N 76°42′50″E / 12.41000°N 76.71389°E / 12.41000; 76.71389
PasanganKhadija Zaman Begum dan 2 atau 3 yang lain
AnakandaShezada Hyder Ali, Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib dan ramai lagi
Nama penuh
Badshah Nasibuddaulah Sultan Mir Fateh Ali Bahadur Sahab Tipu
KerabatMysore
AyahandaHyder Ali
BondaFatima Fakhr-un-Nisa
AgamaIslam

Tipu Sultan (lahir Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu,[2] 20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799), also known as Tipu Sahab or the Tiger of Mysore,[3] was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India and a pioneer of rocket artillery.[4][5][6] He introduced a number of administrative innovations during his rule,[7] including a new coinage system and calendar,[8] and a new land revenue system which initiated the growth of the Mysore silk industry.[9] He expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual Fathul Mujahidin. He deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, including the Battle of Pollilur and Siege of Seringapatam. He also embarked on an ambitious economic development program that established Mysore as a major economic power, with some of the world's highest real wages and living standards in the late 18th century.[10]

Napoleon Bonaparte, the French commander-in-chief, sought an alliance with Tipu Sultan. Both Tipu Sultan and his father used their French-trained army in alliance with the French in their struggle with the British,[11][12] and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers, against the Marathas, Sira, and rulers of Malabar, Kodagu, Bednore, Carnatic, and Travancore. Tipu's father, Hyder Ali, rose to power capturing Mysore,[perlu rujukan] and Tipu succeeded him as the ruler of Mysore upon his father's death in 1782. He won important victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War and negotiated the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them after his father died from cancer in December 1782 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Tipu's conflicts with his neighbours included the Maratha–Mysore War which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Gajendragad.[13] The treaty required that Tipu Sultan pay 4.8 million rupees as a one-time war cost to the Marathas, and an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees in addition to returning all the territory captured by Hyder Ali.[14][15]

Tipu remained an implacable enemy of the British East India Company, sparking conflict with his attack on British-allied Travancore in 1789. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War, he was forced into the Treaty of Seringapatam, losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and Mangalore. He sent emissaries to foreign states, including the Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan, and France, in an attempt to rally opposition to the British.

In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the imperial forces of the British East India Company were supported by the Marathas. They defeated Tipu, and he was killed on 4 May 1799 while defending his fort of Seringapatam.

In post-colonial Indian subcontinent, he is applauded as a secular[16][17][18][19][20] ruler who fought against British colonialism,[21][22]. But he has been criticized for his repression of Hindus of Malabar and Christians of Mangalore for both religious and political reasons.[23][24][25][26][27][28]

Galeri

  • A view of the Hoally Gateway, Srirangapatnam, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore), by Thomas Sydenham (c.1799)
    A view of the Hoally Gateway, Srirangapatnam, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore), by Thomas Sydenham (c.1799)
  • A flintlock blunderbuss, made for Tippu Sultan in Seringapatam in 1793-94. Tippu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.[29]
    A flintlock blunderbuss, made for Tippu Sultan in Seringapatam in 1793-94. Tippu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.[29]
  • Cannon used by Tippu Sultan in the battle of Seringapatam 1799
    Cannon used by Tippu Sultan in the battle of Seringapatam 1799

Lihat juga

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Hasan tidak disediakan
  2. ^ "Tipu Sultan's 216th death anniversary: 7 unknown facts you should know about the Tiger of Mysore : Listicles: Microfacts". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 4 May 2015. Dicapai pada 13 November 2015.
  3. ^ Cavendish, Richard (4 May 1999). "Tipu Sultan killed at Seringapatam". History Today. 49 (5). Dicapai pada 13 December 2013.
  4. ^ Ram Nath Kovind (25 October 2017). "ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA, SHRI RAM NATH KOVIND AT THE JOINT SESSION OF KARNATAKA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ON 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF VIDHAN SOUDHA". Dicapai pada 3 September 2019. Tipu Sultan died a heroic death fighting the British. He was also a pioneer in the development and use of Mysore rockets in warfare. This technology was later adopted by the Europeans.
  5. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Narasimha tidak disediakan
  6. ^ Allana, Gulam (1988). Muslim political thought through the ages: 1562–1947 (ed. 2). Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania: Royal Book Company. m/s. 78. ISBN 9789694070919. Dicapai pada 18 January 2013.
  7. ^ "Tipu Jayanti debate: Akbar is the hero India should really celebrate".
  8. ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005). History of Tipu Sultan. Aakar Books. m/s. 399. ISBN 978-81-87879-57-2. Dicapai pada 19 January 2013.
  9. ^ R.k.datta (2007). Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book. APH Publishing. m/s. 17. ISBN 978-81-313-0087-9. Dicapai pada 22 January 2013.
  10. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Parthasarathi tidak disediakan
  11. ^ Macquarie, University. "French Rocks". Dicapai pada 15 July 2019.
  12. ^ Kaushik Roy, War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849, (Routledge, 2011), 77.
  13. ^ Mohibbul Hasan (2005), History of Tipu Sultan, m/s. 105–107, ISBN 9788187879572
  14. ^ Naravane, M. S. (2006). Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj (dalam bahasa Inggeris). APH Publishing. ISBN 9788131300343.
  15. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1995). Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788171547890.
  16. ^ Hasan 1971, History of Tipu Sultan, pp. 357–8
  17. ^ A. Subbaraya Chetty "Tipu's endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions" in Habib (Ed.) Confronting Colonialism
  18. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan mehta tidak disediakan
  19. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan padiga3 tidak disediakan
  20. ^ "A Monument of Hindu Muslim Unity". Young India. 12 (4): 31. 23 January 1930. Dicapai pada 28 March 2020.
  21. ^ The Financial Express (25 October 2017). "Tipu Sultan died a heroic death fighting the British: President Ram Nath Kovind". Dicapai pada 8 July 2019.
  22. ^ Sajoo, Amyn (2004). Civil Society in the Muslim World: Contemporary Perspectives. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850435907.
  23. ^ Panikkar, K.N (1991). "Men of Valour and Vision". Social Scientist. 19 (8): 110. doi:10.2307/3517708. JSTOR 3517708.
  24. ^ Encyclopaedia Dictionary Islam Muslim World-10. Brill. m/s. 532. Dicapai pada 8 September 2019.
  25. ^ Varghese, Alexander (2008). India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World, Volume 1. Atlantic Publishers. ISBN 9788126909032.
  26. ^ 1 Dr. Gurusiddaiah C, 2 Dr. BP Mahesh Chandra Guru, 3 Abhilash MS, 4 Dr. Sreekantaiah (January 2018). "Religious philosophy of Tipu Sultan" (PDF). www.educationjournal.in. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research. 3: 11–16. ISSN 2455-4588.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Sanyal, Sanjeev (2016). The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History. m/s. 188. ISBN 9789386057617.
  28. ^ Hassan, Mohibbul (1 December 2005). History of Tipu Sultan. m/s. 79. ISBN 9788187879572. Dicapai pada 12 February 2014.
  29. ^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Moma tidak disediakan

Bacaan lanjut

  •  Rencana ini menggabungkan dan menterjemah teks dari penerbitan sekarang di domain awam: Chisholm, Hugh, penyunting (1911). "Tippoo Sahib". Encyclopædia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 26 (ed. ke-11). Cambridge University Press.
  • Balakrishna, Sandeep, Tipu Sultan, The Tyrant of Mysore, Rare Publications
  • Bowring, Lewin (1899), Haidar Alí and Tipú Sultán, and the Struggle with the Musalmán Powers of the South, Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 11827326
  • Brittlebank, Kate (1999), Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy, Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-563977-3, OCLC 246448596
  • Cariappa, M. P.; Cariappa, Ponnamma (1981), The Coorgs and their Origins, Aakar Books, OCLC 641505186
  • Hasan, Mohibbul (2005), History of Tipu Sultan, Aakar Books, ISBN 978-81-87879-57-2
  • Sen, Surendra Nath (1930), Studies in Indian History, University of Calcutta, OCLC 578119748
  • Subramanian, K. R (1928), The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore, self-published, OCLC 249773661
  • William, Logan (1887), Malabar Manual, ISBN 978-81-206-0446-9
  • Grose, John Henry; Charmichael; ), John Carmichael (of the East India Company) (1777), A Voyage to the East IndiesCS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Thompson, Rev. E. W. (1990) [1923]. The last siege of Seringapatam. Mysore City: Wesleyan Mission. ISBN 978-8120606029.
  • Agha, Shamsu. Tipu Sultan", "Mirza Ghalib in London";, "Flight Delayed", Paperback, ISBN 0-901974-42-0
  • Ali, B Sheik. Tipu Sultan, Nyasanal Buk Trast
  • Amjad, Sayyid. 'Ali Ashahri, Savanih Tipu Sultan, Himaliyah Buk Ha®us
  • Banglori, Mahmud Khan Mahmud. Sahifah-yi Tipu Sultan, Himālayah Pablishing Hā'ūs,
  • Bhagwan, Gidwami S (1976). The Sword of Tipu Sultan: a historical novel about the life and legend of Tipu Sultan of India. Allied Publishers. OCLC 173807200. A fictionalised account of Tipu's life.
  • Buddle, Anne. Tigers Round the Throne, Zamana Gallery, ISBN 1-869933-02-8
  • Bowring, Lewin (1893). Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south (1974 ed.). Delhi: ADABIYAT-I DELLI. ISBN 81-206-1299-X.
  • Campbell, Richard Hamilton. Tippoo Sultan: The fall of Srirangapattana and the restoration of the Hindu raj, Govt. Press
  • Chinnian, P. Tipu Sultan the Great, Siva Publications
  • Habib, Irfan. State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan: Documents and Essays, Manohar Publishers and Distributors, ISBN 81-85229-52-X
  • Hashimi, Sajjad. Tipu Sultan, Publisher: Maktabah-yi Urdu Da®ijast
  • Home, Robert. Select Views in Mysore: The Country of Tipu Sultan from Drawings Taken on the Spot by Mr. Home, Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-1512-3
  • Kareem, C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association: distributors, Paico Pub. House.
  • V.M. Korath, P. Parameswaran, Ravi Varma, Nandagopal R Menon, S.R. Goel & P.C.N. Raja: Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993). ISBN 9788185990088
  • Mohibbul Hasan. Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople, Aakar Books, ISBN 81-87879-56-4
  • Moienuddin, Mohammad. Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the death of Tipu Sultan, Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-1919-7
  • Pande, B. N. Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of their religious policies (IOS series), Institute of Objective Studies
  • Sharma, H. D. (1991). The real Tipu: A brief history of Tipu Sultan. Varanasi: Rishi Publ.
  • Sil, Narasingha P. "Tipu Sultan: A Re-Vision," Calcutta Historical Journal' (2008) 28#1 pp 1–23. historiography
  • Strandberg, Samuel. Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore: or, to fight against the odds, AB Samuel Travel, ISBN 91-630-7333-1
  • Taylor, George. Coins of Tipu Sultan, Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-0503-9
  • Wigington, Robin. Firearms of Tipu Sultan, 1783–99, J. Taylor Book Ventures, ISBN 1-871224-13-6
  • Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies), Anthem Press, ISBN 1-84331-024-4
  • Ashfaq Ahmed Mathur – "SALTANATH-E-KHUDADAT" and a book by Allama Iqbal ahmed (RH) "Daana e Raaz Diyaar e Dakan mein"

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