Percy Bysshe Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley
	Potret lukisan Alfred Clint, t. 1829
Lahir	4 Ogos 1792; Horsham, Sussex, England
Meninggal dunia	8 Julai 1822 (umur 29); Teluk La Spezia, Kerajaan Sardinia (kini Itali)
Pekerjaan	Penyajak; Penulis karangan, novel; Pengarang drama;
Warganegara	England
Pendidikan	Kolej Eton
Alma mater	University College, Oxford
Pergerakan sastera	Romantisisme
Pasangan	Harriet Westbrook (k. 1811; m. 1816) ; Mary Shelley (k. 1816);
Ibubapa	Timothy Shelley ; Elizabeth Pilfold;
Tandatangan

Percy Bysshe Shelley (/bɪʃ/ ( dengar) BISH;^[1]^[2] 4 Ogos 1792 – 8 Julai 1822) ialah seorang penulis dan penyajak dari England berkecimpung dalam pergerakan Romantisisme.^[3]^[4]

Shelley tidak begitu terkenal sepanang hayatnya, namun penelitian lanjut karya-karya beliau selepas kematiannya mengesan dalam sehingga mempengaruhi banyak penyajak dari generasi-generasi selepasnya termasuk Robert Browning, Algernon Swinburne, Thomas Hardy dan William Butler Yeats.^[5] Penulisan beliau turut memberi ilham dalam bidang politik terutamanya dalam kalangan pemikir radikal^[6] sehingga menarik perhatian orang seumpama Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi, and George Bernard Shaw.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Beliau suami kepada Mary Shelley, penulis mempelopori konsep cereka berasaskan penemuan sains melalui karya Frankenstein tahun 1823.

Biografi

Awal hidup dan pendidikan

Shelley lahir pada 4 Ogos 1792 di Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, berdekatan Horsham di Sussex Barat, England.^[9]^[10] Beliau anak sulung dari enam adik beradik - seorang adik lelaki dan 4 adik perempuan - kepada Sir Timothy Shelley, Ahli Parlimen mewakili Horsham (1790-1792) dan Shoreham (1806-1812) dari Parti Whig dan Elizabeth Pilfold (1763–1846), anak seorang penjual daging laris.^[11] Beliau amat rapat dengan adik-adik dan emaknya yang mengalakkannya mengembara mengenal dunia sekelilingnya.^[12]^[13]

Beliau memasuki sekolah diuruskan paderi Warnham usia enam tahun tidak sahaja menunjukkan kehandalan daya ingatannya malah minat terhadap bahasa.^[14] Pada 1802, beliau memasuki sekolah seorang sepupunya Syon House Brentford, Middlesex; beliau sering dibuli sehinggakan terpaksa berlaku ganas untuk mempertahankan dirinya, malah keadaan ini menjejaskan beliau sehingga sering menggigau dan berhalusinasi dalam tidurnya.

Beliau menulis karya-karya pertamanya bertajuk Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire bersama seorang adiknya Elizabeth dan el St. Irvine; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance pada Oktober 1801, tidak lama sebelum beliau melanjutkan pelajaran di University College, Oxford..^[15]^[16]

Perjalanan di Eropah

Akhir usia

Pada 1 Julai 1822, Shelley dan Edward Williams berlayar dalam kapal Don Juan ke Livorno untuk bertemu Leigh Hunt dan Byron dalam perancangan menghasilkan jurnal penulisan baharu mereka, The Liberal. Seminggu kemudian, Shelley, Williams dan pemandu kapal mereka ke Lerici, namun mereka terperangkap dalam suatu ribut.^[17] sehingga bangkai kapal itu tenggelam.^[18] Mayat Shelley ditemui dalam keadaan mereput teruk terdampar di Viareggio sepuluh hari kemudian ditemui dan dikenal pasti Trelawny melalui beberapa peninggalannya.

Mayatnya dibakar pada 16 Ogos di pantai bandar tersebut, abu tinggalan beliau disemadukan di Tanah Perkuburan Protestan Rom.^[19] Jantung beliau tidak terjejas dari pembakaran tersebut barangkali kerana mengeras berikutan suatu jangkitan batuk kering dialaminya, Trelawny memberikan jantung ini kepada Hunt yang menyimpan ia dalam larutan alkohol yang beberapa lama kemudiannya diserahkan kepada Mary;^[20] jantung ini kahirnya dikebumikan sama ada di St Peter's Church, Bournemouth atau di Christchurch Priory.^[21]^[22]

Gaya penulisan

Pemikiran

Senarai karya

Sajak dan prosa

(1810) Zastrozzi
(1810) Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire (bersama Elizabeth Shelley)
(1810) Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson: Being Poems Found Amongst the Papers of That Noted Female Who Attempted the Life of the King in 1786
(1810) St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian (terbit 1811)
(1812) The Devil's Walk: A Ballad
(1813) Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem
(1815) Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude (Published 1816)
(1816) Mont Blanc
(1816) On Death
(1817) Hymn to Intellectual Beauty (text)
(1817) Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City: A Vision of the Nineteenth Century (terbit 1818)
(1818) The Revolt of Islam, A Poem, in Twelve Cantos
(1818) Ozymandias (text)
(1818) Rosalind and Helen: A Modern Eclogue (terbit 1819)
(1818) Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills, October 1818
(1819) The Cenci, A Tragedy, in Five Acts
(1819) Ode to the West Wind (text)
(1819) The Mask of Anarchy (terbit 1832)
(1819) England in 1819
(1819) Julian and Maddalo: A Conversation
(1820) Peter Bell the Third (terbit 1839)
(1820) Prometheus Unbound, A Lyrical Drama, in Four Acts
(1820) To a Skylark
(1820) The Cloud
(1820) The Sensitive Plant^[23]
(1820) Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts
(1820) The Witch of Atlas (terbit 1824)
(1821) Adonais
(1821) Epipsychidion
(1822) Hellas, A Lyrical Drama
(1822) The Triumph of Life (unfinished, terbit 1824)

Karangan

The Necessity of Atheism (with T. J. Hogg) (1811)
Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things (1811)
An Address, to the Irish People (1812)
Declaration of Rights (1812)
A Letter to Lord Ellenborough (1812)
A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
A Refutation of Deism (1814)
Speculations on Metaphysics (1814)
On the Vegetable System of Diet (1814–1815; terbit 1929)
On a Future State (1815)
On The Punishment of Death (1815)
Speculations on Morals (1817)
On Christianity (incomplete, 1817; terbit 1859)
On Love (1818)
On the Literature, the Arts and the Manners of the Athenians (1818)
On The Symposium, or Preface to The Banquet Of Plato (1818)
On Frankenstein (1818; terbit 1832)
On Life (1819)
A Philosophical View of Reform (1819–20, terbit 1920)
A Defence of Poetry (1821, terbit 1840)

Rujukan

^ "Shelley". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Dicapai pada 7 June 2019.
^ "Shelley". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Dicapai pada 7 June 2019.
^ Ferber, Michael (2012). The Cambridge Introduction to British Romantic Poetry. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-521-76906-8.
^ "Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), poet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (dalam bahasa Inggeris). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25312. Dicapai pada 8 Februari 2021.
^ Bloom, Harold (2004). The Best Poems of the English Language, From Chaucer through Frost. New York: Harper Collins. m/s. 410. ISBN 0-06-054041-9.
^ ^a ^b Holmes, Richard (1975). Shelley: The Pursuit. New York: E.P. Dutton. m/s. 208-10, 402.
^ Weber, Thomas (2004). Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 26–30. ISBN 0-521-84230-1.
^ Jones, Michael Owen (2016). "In Pursuit of Percy Shelley, 'The First Celebrity Vegan': An Essay on Meat, Sex, and Broccoli". Journal of Folklore Research. 53 (2): 1–30. doi:10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01. JSTOR 10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01. S2CID 148558932 – melalui JSTOR.
^ Medwin, Thomas (1847). The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley. London: Thomas Cautley Newby. m/s. 323.
^ Shelley, Percy Bysshe (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1909496071. Dicapai pada 6 February 2019 – melalui Google Books.
^ Bieri, James (2008). Percy Bysshe Shelley: a biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. m/s. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-8860-1.
^ Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 1-17
^ Bieri, James (2004). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816. Newark: University of Delaware Press. m/s. 55–57.
^ Holmes, Richard, (1974) p 2
^ O'Neill, Michael (2004). "Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ed. Online). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25312. (langganan atau keahlian perpustakaan awam United Kingdom diperlukan)
^ Holmes, Richard, (1974), p 31
^ Bieri, James (2005) pp 319-27
^ "The Sinking of the Don Juan" by Donald Prell, Keats–Shelley Journal, Vol. LVI, 2007, pp. 136–54
^ Bieri, James (2005) pp 331-36
^ Bieri, James (2005) p 334-35
^ Bieri, James (2005) p 354
^ Lee, Hermoine (2007). "Shelley's Heart and Pepys's Lobsters". Virginia Woolf's Nose: Essays on biography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691130446.
^ "Percy Bysshe Shelley: "The Sensitive Plant" from Andre digte". Kalliope. Dicapai pada 5 October 2018.

Sumber utama

Bieri, James (2008). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography. [Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8861-1. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (bantuan).
Holmes, Richard (1975). Shelley: The Pursuit. E.P. Dutton. Unknown parameter |lication= ignored (bantuan)

Pautan luar

Karya-karya oleh Percy Bysshe Shelley di Projek Gutenberg
Karya oleh atau tentang Percy Bysshe Shelley di Internet Archive
Karya oleh Percy Bysshe Shelley di LibriVox (buku audio domain awam)
Percy Bysshe Shelley by John Addington Symonds, sebuah buku elektronik bebas di Projek Gutenberg
Percy Bysshe Shelley Resources
Percy Bysshe Shelley: Profile and Poems at Poets.org
Selected Poems of Shelley

Rencana berkenaan biografi ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Rencana mengenai penulis, penyair atau penulis drama ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] "Shelley". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Dicapai pada 7 June 2019.

[2] "Shelley". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Dicapai pada 7 June 2019.

[Ferber-3] Ferber, Michael (2012). The Cambridge Introduction to British Romantic Poetry. New York: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-521-76906-8.

[4] "Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), poet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (dalam bahasa Inggeris). doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25312. Dicapai pada 8 Februari 2021.

[5] Bloom, Harold (2004). The Best Poems of the English Language, From Chaucer through Frost. New York: Harper Collins. m/s. 410. ISBN 0-06-054041-9.

[:10-6] Holmes, Richard (1975). Shelley: The Pursuit. New York: E.P. Dutton. m/s. 208-10, 402.

[:11-7] Weber, Thomas (2004). Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 26–30. ISBN 0-521-84230-1.

[:3-8] Jones, Michael Owen (2016). "In Pursuit of Percy Shelley, 'The First Celebrity Vegan': An Essay on Meat, Sex, and Broccoli". Journal of Folklore Research. 53 (2): 1–30. doi:10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01. JSTOR 10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01. S2CID 148558932 – melalui JSTOR.

[9] Medwin, Thomas (1847). The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley. London: Thomas Cautley Newby. m/s. 323.

[10] Shelley, Percy Bysshe (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1909496071. Dicapai pada 6 February 2019 – melalui Google Books.

[11] Bieri, James (2008). Percy Bysshe Shelley: a biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. m/s. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-8860-1.

[12] Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 1-17

[13] Bieri, James (2004). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816. Newark: University of Delaware Press. m/s. 55–57.

[14] Holmes, Richard, (1974) p 2

[15] O'Neill, Michael (2004). "Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ed. Online). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25312. (langganan atau keahlian perpustakaan awam United Kingdom diperlukan)

[16] Holmes, Richard, (1974), p 31

[17] Bieri, James (2005) pp 319-27

[prell-18] "The Sinking of the Don Juan" by Donald Prell, Keats–Shelley Journal, Vol. LVI, 2007, pp. 136–54

[19] Bieri, James (2005) pp 331-36

[20] Bieri, James (2005) p 334-35

[21] Bieri, James (2005) p 354

[22] Lee, Hermoine (2007). "Shelley's Heart and Pepys's Lobsters". Virginia Woolf's Nose: Essays on biography. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691130446.

[23] "Percy Bysshe Shelley: "The Sensitive Plant" from Andre digte". Kalliope. Dicapai pada 5 October 2018.

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p b s Romantisisme
Abad ke-18 - Abad ke-19
Muzik era romantis: Charles Valentin Alkan - Ludwig van Beethoven - Hector Berlioz - Johannes Brahms - Frédéric Chopin - Antonín Dvořák - Edvard Grieg - Franz Liszt - Gustav Mahler - Felix Mendelssohn – Giacomo Puccini - Franz Schubert - Robert Schumann - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - The Five – Giuseppe Verdi – Richard Wagner
Penyajak era romantis: William Blake - Robert Burns - George Byron, Baron Byron ke-6 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Friedrich Hölderlin – Victor Hugo - John Keats - Zygmunt Krasiński - Alphonse de Lamartine - Giacomo Leopardi - Mikhail Lermontov - Adam Mickiewicz - Gerard de Nerval - Novalis - Aleksandr Pushkin - Percy Bysshe Shelley - Juliusz Słowacki - William Wordsworth
Seni lukis dan bina era romantis: Karl Briullov - John Constable - Camille Corot - Eugène Delacroix - Caspar David Friedrich - Théodore Géricault - Gothic Revival architecture - Francisco Goya - Hudson River school - Emanuel Leutze - Nazarene movement - Samuel Palmer - J. M. W. Turner
Budaya era romantis: Bohemianisme - Nasionalisme romantis