Perjanjian Munich

Selepas persidangan tersebut, Perdana Menteri British Chamberlain pulang ke Great Britain dan telah mengisytiharkan perjanjian Munich sebagai "peace for our time" ("keamanan untuk kita")

Perjanjian Munich, Persetujuan Munich atau Munich Agreement adalah penyelesaian yang membenarkan Jerman Nazi mengilhak sebahagian Czechoslovakia disepanjang sempadan negara itu terutamanya yang didiami oleh bangsa Jerman, yang mana gelaran wilayah baru "Sudetenland" dicipta. Perjanjian itu telah dirundingkan pada persidangan yang diadakan di Munich, Jerman, di kalangan kuasa-kuasa besar di Eropah, tanpa kehadiran Czechoslovakia. Kini, ia secara meluas dianggap sebagai perbuatan yang gagal memujuk Jerman. Perjanjian itu ditandatangani pada awal pagi 30 September 1938 (tetapi bertarikh 29 September). Tujuan persidangan ini adalah untuk membincangkan masa depan Sudetenland dalam menghadapi tuntutan etnik yang dibuat oleh Adolf Hitler. Perjanjian itu ditandatangani oleh Jerman, Perancis, United Kingdom, dan Itali. Sudetenland adalah kepentingan strategik yang besar kepada Czechoslovakia, kerana sebahagian besar pertahanan sempadannya terletak di sana, dan kebanyakkan bank^{[petikan diperlukan]} dan industri berat terletak di sana.

Oleh kerana negara Czechoslovakia tidak dijemput ke persidangan itu, ia menganggap dirinya telah dikhianati oleh United Kingdom dan Perancis, jadi Czech dan Slovakia memanggil Perjanjian Munich sebagai Munich Diktat (Bahasa Czech: Mnichovský diktát; Bahasa Slovak: Mníchovský diktát). Ungkapan "Pengkhianatan Munich" (Bahasa Czech: Mnichovská zrada; Bahasa Slovak: Mníchovská zrada) juga digunakan kerana perikatan tentera Czechoslovakia dengan Perancis dan Britain terbukti tidak berguna. Hari ini dokumen itu biasanya dirujuk semata-mata sebagai Pakatan Munich (Mnichovská dohoda).

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Buku

Noakes, J. & Pridham, G. (2010) [2001]. Nazism 1919–1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination. 2 (ed. 2nd). Devon: University of Exeter Press.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Noakes, J. & Pridham, G. (2010) [2001]. Nazism 1919-1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination. 3 (ed. 2nd). Devon: University of Exeter Press.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bell, P.M.H. (1986). The Second World War in Europe. Harlow, Essex: Longman.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gilbert, Martin & Gott, Richard (1967). The Appeasers. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick (1959). The Inner Circle. Macmillan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Pan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Shirer, William L. (1969). The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940. De Capo Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
(Jerman) Klaus Hildebrand (1991). Das Dritte Reich. München: Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) S.36
Terry Parssinen (2004). The Oster Conspiracy of 1938: The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler. Pimlico Press. ISBN 1-84413-307-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Viscoumt Maugham (1944). The Truth about the Munich Crisis. William Heinemann Ltd.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Zimmerman, Volker (1999). Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938-1945). Essen. ISBN 3-88474-770-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Reinhard Müller (1943). Deutschland. München and Berlin:: Sechster Teil, R. Oldenbourg Verlag.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Herzstein, Robert Edwin (1980). The Nazis. World War II series. New York: Time-Life Books.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
McDonough, F. (2002). Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Laman Web

(Polonès) Siwek Tadeusz (not dated). "Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej". Wspólnota Polska. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Lain

League of Nations Treaty Series. 204.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Jurnal

Dray, W.H. (1978). Concepts of Causation in A. J. P. Taylor's Account of the Origins of the Second World War. History and Theory, Vol. 17, No. 2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Sumber lain[sunting | sunting sumber]

Madeleine Albright with Bill Woodward, Prague Winter: A personal Story of Remembrance and War, 1937–1948, Harper, 2012
Peter Bugge, Czech Democracy 1918–1938. Paragon or Parody?, in Bohemia, Vol 47, no. 1 2006/2007
Cole, Robert A. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource," New England Journal of History (2010) 66#2 pp 1–30.
David Faber, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2009) excerpt and text search
Daniel E Miller, Forging Political Compromise: Antonín Švehla and the Czechoslovak Republican Party, 1918–1933, University or Pittsburgh Press, 1999
Andrea Orzoff, Battle for the Castne: Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948, Oxford University Press, 2009

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

The Munich Agreement – Text of the Munich Agreement on-line
The Munich Agreement in contemporary radio news broadcasts – Actual radio news broadcasts documenting evolution of the crisis
The Munich Agreement Original reports from The Times
British Pathe newsreel (includes Chamberlain's speech at Heston aerodrome) Diarkibkan 2011-07-08 di Wayback Machine (Adobe Flash)
Peace: And the Crisis Begins from a broadcast by Dorothy Thompson, 1 October 1938
Post-blogging the Sudeten Crisis – A day by day summary of the crisis
Text of the 1942 exchange of notes nullifying the Munich agreement
Photocopy of The Munich Agreement from Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin (text in German) and from The National Archives in London (map).
Map of Europe during Munich Agreement Diarkibkan 2014-08-01 di Wayback Machine at omniatlas
Dr. Quigley explains how Nazi Germany seized a stronger Czechoslovakia

[1] Noakes, J. & Pridham, G. (2010) [2001]. Nazism 1919–1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination. 2 (ed. 2nd). Devon: University of Exeter Press.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[2] Noakes, J. & Pridham, G. (2010) [2001]. Nazism 1919-1945: Foreign Policy War, and Racial Extermination. 3 (ed. 2nd). Devon: University of Exeter Press.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[3] Bell, P.M.H. (1986). The Second World War in Europe. Harlow, Essex: Longman.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[4] Gilbert, Martin & Gott, Richard (1967). The Appeasers. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[5] Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick (1959). The Inner Circle. Macmillan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[6] Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Pan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[7] Shirer, William L. (1969). The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940. De Capo Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[8] (Jerman) Klaus Hildebrand (1991). Das Dritte Reich. München: Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) S.36

[9] Terry Parssinen (2004). The Oster Conspiracy of 1938: The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler. Pimlico Press. ISBN 1-84413-307-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[10] Viscoumt Maugham (1944). The Truth about the Munich Crisis. William Heinemann Ltd.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[11] Zimmerman, Volker (1999). Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938-1945). Essen. ISBN 3-88474-770-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[12] Reinhard Müller (1943). Deutschland. München and Berlin:: Sechster Teil, R. Oldenbourg Verlag.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[13] Herzstein, Robert Edwin (1980). The Nazis. World War II series. New York: Time-Life Books.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[14] McDonough, F. (2002). Hitler, Chamberlain and Appeasement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[15] (Polonès) Siwek Tadeusz (not dated). "Statystyczni i niestatystyczni Polacy w Republice Czeskiej". Wspólnota Polska. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[16] League of Nations Treaty Series. 204.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[17] Dray, W.H. (1978). Concepts of Causation in A. J. P. Taylor's Account of the Origins of the Second World War. History and Theory, Vol. 17, No. 2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)