Reichskommissariat Ostland

Reichskommissariat Ostland
Reichskommissariat Ostland
1941–1945
Bendera	Lambang
	Reichskommissariat Ostland pada tahun 1942
Status	Reichskommissariat Jerman
Ibu negara	Riga
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Jerman (rasmi); Rusia · Belarusia · Estonia; Latvia · Lithuania · Poland
Kerajaan	Koloni Jerman Nazi
Reichskommissar
• 1941–1944	Hinrich Lohse
• 1944–1945	Erich Koch
Era Sejarah	Perang Dunia II
• Operasi Baltik	22 Jun 1941
• Ditubuhkan	25 Julai 1941
• Belarus ditambah	1 September 1941
• Estonia ditambah	5 Disember 1941
• Belarus dipisahkan	1 April 1944
• Pembebasan Soviet	Julai–Nov. 1944
• Secara rasmi dibubarkan	21 Januari 1945
• Penyerahan kalah Kelompok Courland	10 Mei 1945
Mata wang	Reichskreditkassenscheine; (de facto)

Koordinat: 56°N 26°E / 56°N 26°E / 56; 26

Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) atau Komisariat Reich Wilayah Timur telah ditubuhkan oleh Jerman Nazi pada tahun 1941 semasa Perang Dunia II. Ia menjadi rejim pendudukan awam di negara-negara Baltik (Estonia, Latvia, dan Lithuania) dan bahagian barat Republik Sosialis Soviet Belarusia. Dokumen perancangan Jerman pada awalnya menamakan komisariat ini sebagai Reichskommissariat Baltenland ("Wilayah Baltik").^[1] Organisasi politik bagi wilayah ini – selepas satu tempoh awal pentadbiran tentera sebelum penubuhannya – membabitkan pentadbiran awam Jerman, secara nominal dibawah kuasa Kementerian Reich bagi Wilayah Taklukan Timur yang dipimpin oleh ideologis Nazi Alfred Rosenberg, tetapi sebenarnya dikawal oleh pegawai Nazi Hinrich Lohse, yang dilantik Reichskommissar.

Objektif utama politik Jerman untuk Reichskommissariat, seperti yang ditetapkan oleh Kementerian dalam rangka dasar polisi Sosialis Nasional bagi timur yang dibentuk oleh Adolf Hitler, termasuk pembasmian kaum Yahudi, dan juga Lebensraum iaitu penempatan baru etnik Jerman berserta pengusiran penduduk asal dan Jermanisasi keseluruhan penduduk. Polisi ini digunakan tidak hanya untuk Reichskommissariat Ostland tetapi juga untuk wilayah-wilayah Soviet taklukan Jerman yang lain. Melalui penggunaan Batalion Polis Jerman dan Einsatzgruppen A dan B, dengan penyertaan aktif pasukan auksiliari lokal, lebih sejuta orang Yahudi dibunuh dalam Reichskommissariat Ostland.^[2] Polisi-polisi Jermanisasi, yang dibangun atas landasan Generalplan Ost, kemudiannya akan dilaksanakan oleh beberapa dekri khas dan prinsip panduan untuk pelan penempatan am bagi Ostland.^[3]

Pada tahun 1943 dan 1944, tentera Soviet secara beransur-ansur menawan semula kebanyakkan wilayah Ostland semasa kemaraan mereka ke arah barat, tetapi ketumbukan Wehrmacht bertahan di Kelompok Courland sehingga Mei 1945. Dengan berakhirnya Perang Dunia II di Eropah dan kekalahan Jerman pada Mei 1945, pihak Reichskommissariat tidak lagi wujud.

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pendudukan Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania dan Belarus oleh Jerman Nazi

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Alex J. Kay (2006). Guidelines for Special Fields (13 March 1941). Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political And Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940-1941. Berghahn Books. m/s. 129. ISBN 1845451864. Dicapai pada 2013-06-25. In the week following [...] 2 May [1941], Alfred Rosenberg produced three papers relating to his preparations for the future administration in the occupied East. The first, dated 7 May, was entitled 'Instruction for a Reich Commissar in the Ukraine'. [...] The second, produced a day later, was its equivalent for the area of 'Baltenland', as the Baltic States and Belarus were at this stage being collectively referred to. In his drafting of the paper, Rosenberg crossed through 'Balten' and replaced it with 'Ost'. [...] The designation 'Ostland' would stick.
^ Pohl, Reinhard (November 1998). "Reichskommissariat Ostland: Schleswig-Holsteins Kolonie" [Reichskommissariat Ostland: Schleswig-Holstein's Colony] (PDF). Gegenwind. Gegenwind-Sonderheft: Schleswig-Holstein und die Verbrechen der Wehrmacht (dalam bahasa Jerman). Gegenwind, Enough is Enough, and anderes lernen/Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Schleswig-Holstein. m/s. 10–12. Dicapai pada 2014-03-27. Vom Einmarsch im Juni 1941 bis Ende Januar 1942, der Niederlage vor Moskau, töteten die deutschen Truppen im 'Ostland' etwa 330.000 Juden, 8359 "Kommunisten", 1044 "Partisanen" und 1644 "Geisteskranke". [...] Die erste Tötungswelle hatten ungefähr 670.000 Juden überlebt, dazu kamen im Winter 1941/42 noch 50.000 deportierte Juden aus dem Reichsgebiet, die in die Ghettos von Minsk und Riga kamen. [...] Anfang 1943 begann die zweite große Tötungswelle, der mindestens 570.000 Jüdinnen und Juden zum Opfer fielen. [...] Die letzten 100.000 Juden kamen in Konzentrationslager in Kauen, Riga-Kaiserwald, Klooga und Vaivara, sie wurden 1944 beim Heranrücken der Roten Armee liquidiert. [Translation: From the invasion in June 1941 until the end of January 1942 (the defeat at Moscow) German troops in 'Ostland' killed approximately 330,000 Jews, 8359 'Communists', 1044 'partisans' and 1644 'mentally ill' people. [...] About 670,000 Jews survived the first wave of killings, in the winter of 1941/1942 another 50,000 Jews deported from the Reich area joined these and ended up in the ghettos of Minsk and Riga. [...] At the beginning of 1943 the second great wave of killings began, in which at least 570,000 female and male Jews became victims. [...] The final 100,000 Jews entered the concentration camps in Kauen, Riga-Kaiserwald, Klooga and Vaivara; they were liquidated in 1944 with the advance of the Red Army.]
^ Czesław Madajczyk (Hrsg.): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan. Saur, München 1994, S. XI.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Arnold Toynbee, Veronica Toynbee, et al., Hitler's Europe (Spanish: La Europa de Hitler, Ed Vergara, Barcelona, 1958), Section VI: "Occupied lands and Satellite Countries in East Europe", Chapter II: "Ostland", p. 253-259 and footnotes.
Ostland - Verwaltungskarte. Herg. vom Reichskommissar f. d. Ostland, Abt. II Raum. Stand der Grenzen vom 1. Nov. 1942 (map, in German)

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Templat:Reichskommissariats

[1] Alex J. Kay (2006). Guidelines for Special Fields (13 March 1941). Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political And Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940-1941. Berghahn Books. m/s. 129. ISBN 1845451864. Dicapai pada 2013-06-25. In the week following [...] 2 May [1941], Alfred Rosenberg produced three papers relating to his preparations for the future administration in the occupied East. The first, dated 7 May, was entitled 'Instruction for a Reich Commissar in the Ukraine'. [...] The second, produced a day later, was its equivalent for the area of 'Baltenland', as the Baltic States and Belarus were at this stage being collectively referred to. In his drafting of the paper, Rosenberg crossed through 'Balten' and replaced it with 'Ost'. [...] The designation 'Ostland' would stick.

[gegenwind-2] Pohl, Reinhard (November 1998). "Reichskommissariat Ostland: Schleswig-Holsteins Kolonie" [Reichskommissariat Ostland: Schleswig-Holstein's Colony] (PDF). Gegenwind. Gegenwind-Sonderheft: Schleswig-Holstein und die Verbrechen der Wehrmacht (dalam bahasa Jerman). Gegenwind, Enough is Enough, and anderes lernen/Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Schleswig-Holstein. m/s. 10–12. Dicapai pada 2014-03-27. Vom Einmarsch im Juni 1941 bis Ende Januar 1942, der Niederlage vor Moskau, töteten die deutschen Truppen im 'Ostland' etwa 330.000 Juden, 8359 "Kommunisten", 1044 "Partisanen" und 1644 "Geisteskranke". [...] Die erste Tötungswelle hatten ungefähr 670.000 Juden überlebt, dazu kamen im Winter 1941/42 noch 50.000 deportierte Juden aus dem Reichsgebiet, die in die Ghettos von Minsk und Riga kamen. [...] Anfang 1943 begann die zweite große Tötungswelle, der mindestens 570.000 Jüdinnen und Juden zum Opfer fielen. [...] Die letzten 100.000 Juden kamen in Konzentrationslager in Kauen, Riga-Kaiserwald, Klooga und Vaivara, sie wurden 1944 beim Heranrücken der Roten Armee liquidiert. [Translation: From the invasion in June 1941 until the end of January 1942 (the defeat at Moscow) German troops in 'Ostland' killed approximately 330,000 Jews, 8359 'Communists', 1044 'partisans' and 1644 'mentally ill' people. [...] About 670,000 Jews survived the first wave of killings, in the winter of 1941/1942 another 50,000 Jews deported from the Reich area joined these and ended up in the ghettos of Minsk and Riga. [...] At the beginning of 1943 the second great wave of killings began, in which at least 570,000 female and male Jews became victims. [...] The final 100,000 Jews entered the concentration camps in Kauen, Riga-Kaiserwald, Klooga and Vaivara; they were liquidated in 1944 with the advance of the Red Army.]

[autogenerated1-3] Czesław Madajczyk (Hrsg.): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan. Saur, München 1994, S. XI.

[1]

[2]

[3]

Kawalan kewibawaan
Umum	VIAF 1 WorldCat Identities 1
Perpustakaan negara	Perancis (data) Jerman Israel Amerika Syarikat
Pangkalan data saintifik	CiNii (Jepun)