Kapal pemusnah TA43

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Beograd
Beograd (right) and Dubrovnik (left) in the Bay of Kotor after being captured by Italy in April 1941
Sejarah
Kerajaan Yugoslavia
Nama: Beograd
Bersempena dengan: Belgrade
Pembina: Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Nantes, Perancis
Dilancarkan: 23 December 1937
Ditauliah: 28 April 1939
Ditarik keluar dari perkhidmatan: 17 April 1941
Takdir: Ditangkap oleh Itali
Itali
Nama: Sebenico
Bersempena dengan: Šibenik
Diperolehi: 17 April 1941
Dalam perkhidmatan: Ogos 1941
Ditarik keluar dari perkhidmatan: 9 September 1943
Takdir: Ditangkap oleh Jerman di Venice
Jerman Nazi
Nama: TA43
Diperolehi: 9 September 1943
Takdir: Sunk or scuttled at Trieste on 30 April or 1 May 1945
Nota: Raised in June 1946, scuttled in July 1946
Ciri-ciri umum
Kelas dan jenis: Beograd-class destroyer
Sesaran:
Panjang: 98 m (321 ka 6 in)
Lunas: 9.45 m (31 ka)
Draught: 3.18 m (10 ka 5 in)
Installed power:
Jana kuasa:
Halaju: 35 knot (65 km/j; 40 mph)
Anak kapal: 145
Persenjataan:

TA43 ialah kapal utama kelas pemusnah, dibina untuk Tentera Laut Diraja Yugoslavia di Perancis pada akhir 1930-an, dan direka untuk digunakan sebagai sebahagian daripada [ [bahagian (laut)|divisyen]] diketuai oleh pemimpin flotila Templat:Kapal. Dia memasuki perkhidmatan pada April 1939, dipersenjatai dengan bateri utama empat 120 mm (4.7 in) pistol dalam satu lekap, dan mempunyai kelajuan tertinggi 35 knot (65 km/j; 40 mph).

Apabila Yugoslavia memasuki Perang Dunia Kedua disebabkan oleh Jerman yang dipimpin Paksi pencerobohan pada April 1941, dia telah dirosakkan oleh kejadian nyaris semasa serangan udara, dan kemudian ditangkap oleh Itali. Selepas memasang semula, dia melihat perkhidmatan yang meluas dengan Tentera Laut Diraja Itali dari Ogos 1941 hingga September 1943, menyelesaikan lebih 100 konvoi misi pengiring di Mediterranean di bawah nama Sebenico, terutamanya di laluan antara Itali dan Aegean dan Afrika Utara. Berikutan gencatan senjata Itali pada September 1943, dia telah ditangkap oleh Tentera Laut Jerman dan dinamakan semula TA43. Mereka meningkatkan persenjataannya anti-pesawat dan dia berkhidmat dengan Flotila Bot Torpedo ke-9 dalam tugas pengiring dan pemasangan ranjau di utara Adriatik. TA43 telah ditenggelamkan atau dilubangtenggelam di Trieste pada 30 April atau 1 Mei 1945. Dibesarkan pada Jun 1946, mungkin untuk membuangnya sebagai bahaya navigasi, dia telah diselongkar semula pada bulan Julai sama ada 1946 atau 1947.

Latar belakang[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pada awal 1930-an, Tentera Laut Diraja Yugoslavia (Kraljevska mornarica, atau KM) meneruskan konsep pemimpin flotilla, yang melibatkan pembinaan pemusnah besar yang serupa dengan Perang Dunia I British Tentera Laut Diraja pemusnah kelas V dan Ws.[1] Dalam antara perang Tentera Laut Perancis, ini kapal bertujuan untuk beroperasi sebagai armada separuh daripada tiga kapal, atau dengan seorang ketua flotila beroperasi bersama beberapa kapal pemusnah yang lebih kecil. KM memutuskan untuk membina tiga ketua flotila sedemikian, kapal yang boleh mencapai kelajuan tinggi dan mempunyai ketahanan yang lama. Keperluan ketahanan mencerminkan rancangan Yugoslavia untuk mengerahkan kapal ke Mediterranean tengah, di mana mereka akan dapat bekerjasama dengan kapal perang Perancis dan British. Ini mengakibatkan pembinaan pemusnah Templat:Kapal pada tahun 1930–1931. Tidak lama selepas dia diarahkan, bermulanya Kemelesetan Hebat bermakna hanya satu kapal daripada separuh flotila yang dirancang telah dibina.[2] Walaupun tiga kapal pemusnah besar tidak akan dibina, niat bahawa Dubrovnik mungkin beroperasi dengan beberapa pemusnah yang lebih kecil berterusan. Pada tahun 1934, KM memutuskan untuk memperoleh tiga kapal pemusnah yang lebih kecil untuk beroperasi dalam divisyen yang diketuai oleh Dubrovnik.[3]

Penerangan dan pembinaan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kelas Beograd dibangunkan daripada reka bentuk Perancis, dan nama kapal kelas itu, Beograd, dibina oleh Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire di Nantes, Perancis.[4] Kapal itu mempunyai panjang 98 m (321 ka 6 in), rasuk 9.45 m (31 ka), dan drauf 3.18 m (10 ka 5 in). anjakan standard ialah 1,210 tonne (1,190 long ton), meningkat kepada 1,655 t (1,629 long ton) pada muatan penuh. Anak-anak kapal terdiri daripada 145 pegawai dan lelaki yang disenaraikan. Kapal itu dikuasakan oleh turbin stim Curtis yang memacu dua bebaling, menggunakan stim yang dijana oleh tiga dandang tiub air Yarrow. Turbinnya diberi nilai antara 40,000–44,000 shaft horsepower (30,000–33,000 kW) dan dia direka untuk mencapai kelajuan tertinggi 38–39 knot (70–72 km/j; 44–45 mph), walaupun dia hanya mampu mencapai kelajuan tertinggi praktikal 35 knot (65 km/j; 40 mph) dalam perkhidmatan.[5] [6][7] Dia membawa 120 tonne (120 long ton) minyak bahan api,[5] yang memberikannya jarak 1,000 batu nautika 1,000 batu nautika (1,900 km; 1,200 bt).[7]

Persenjataan utamanya terdiri daripada empat Škoda 120 mm (4.7 in) L/46{{refn|L/46 menandakan panjang pistol. Dalam kes ini, senapang L/46 ialah 46 kaliber, bermakna senapang itu adalah 46 kali ganda panjang diameter lubangnya.[8] superfire meriam dalam pelekap tunggal, dua forward daripada superstructure dan dua belakang, dilindungi oleh [[gun] perisai]]s.[5][9][10] Persenjataan sekundernya terdiri daripada empat Škoda 40 mm (1.6 in) senjata anti-pesawat (AA)[11] dalam dua kembar lekap, terletak di kedua-dua belah dek tempat perlindungan belakang.[12] Dia juga dilengkapi dengan dua lekap tiga kali ganda 550 mm (22 in) [ [tiub torpedo]] dan dua senjata mesins.[5] sistem kawalan kebakarannya disediakan oleh firma Belanda Hazemayer.[9] Semasa dibina, dia juga boleh membawa 30 lombong tentera laut. 1936,[9][13] dilancarkan pada 23 Disember 1937,[5] dan telah ditugaskan ke dalam KM pada 28 April 1939.[12]

Service history[sunting | sunting sumber]

Yugoslavia[sunting | sunting sumber]

Less than a month after being commissioned, Beograd was sent to the United Kingdom with a large part of Yugoslavia's gold reserve, 7,344 ingots, to be lodged with the Bank of England for safekeeping.[14] At the time Yugoslavia entered World War II as a result of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Beograd and her sister ships were allocated to the 1st Torpedo Division at the Bay of Kotor.[15] To prevent a bridgehead being established at Zara, an Italian enclave on the Dalmatian coast, Beograd, four 250t-class torpedo boats and six motor torpedo boats were dispatched to the port of Šibenik, 80 kilometer (50 bt) to the south of Zara, in preparation for an attack. The attack was to be coordinated with the 12th Infantry Division Jadranska and two combined regiments of the Royal Yugoslav Army attacking from the Benkovac area, supported by the Royal Yugoslav Air Force's 81st Bomber Group. The Yugoslavs launched their attack on 9 April, but the naval prong of the attack faltered when Beograd's starboard engine was put out of action after a series of near misses from Italian aircraft off Šibenik. The destroyer then limped to the Bay of Kotor for repairs, escorted by the remainder of the force.[12] She was captured there by Italian forces on 17 April.[16]

Italy[sunting | sunting sumber]

In Italian service, Beograd was refitted and repaired.[17] A new director was fitted on her bridge[18] and 20 mm (0.79 in) L/65 Breda Model 35 guns were added to her armament. She was commissioned in the Royal Italian Navy (Itali: Regia Marina) under the name Sebenico in August 1941, and served as a convoy escort on routes between Italy and the Aegean and North Africa, completing more than 100 missions over a two-year period.[19] On 18 October 1941, off the Italian island of Lampedusa, the British submarine HMS Ursula sank a steamer that was under escort by a force that included Sebenico.[20] On 29 March 1942, Sebenico and three torpedo boats were escorting a convoy off Brindisi when the British submarine HMS Proteus sank one of the escorted freighters.[21] She retained her searchlight amidships and her aft director until at least mid-1942. According to the naval historian M. J. Whitley, it is likely that her aft torpedo tubes were removed towards the end of her time in Italian hands in order to make space for additional anti-aircraft armament, but the details of what weapons may have been fitted are not known.[18]

Germany[sunting | sunting sumber]

When the Italians capitulated in September 1943, the German Navy (Jerman: Kriegsmarine) seized Sebenico in the port of Venice on 9 September and renamed her TA43 (Jerman: Torpedoboot Ausland 43).[22][23] The term Ausland and prefix TA were used to denote that she was a captured vessel put into German service.[24] At the time of her capture she was either damaged or had been made unserviceable by her crew.[25] While in German service her anti-aircraft armament was improved using space provided by removing one of the triple torpedo mounts. She was fitted with seven 37 mm (1.5 in) guns in one double-mount and five single-mounts, as well as two single-mount 20 mm (0.79 in) guns.[7] In February 1945 she was allocated to the 9th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, which consisted entirely of captured destroyers and torpedo boats.[24] She was used for escort work and on minelaying duties in the northern Adriatic.[26] As late as 1 April 1945, TA43 was still in commission and available to fight, although she saw little action.[27]

Naval history sources differ on her final fate. According to Roger Chesneau, she was sunk at the port of Trieste by Yugoslav People's Army artillery fire on 30 April 1945, and was raised in June 1946, probably to remove her as a navigation hazard, and she was scuttled a month later.[22] David Brown records that she was scuttled at Trieste on 1 May 1945.[28] Maurizio Brescia states she was scuttled by the Germans at Trieste on 1 May 1945 and was broken up in 1947.[19]

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nota kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Freivogel 2014, m/s. 83.
  2. ^ Freivogel 2014, m/s. 84.
  3. ^ Jarman 1997, m/s. 543.
  4. ^ Chesneau 1980, m/s. 357–358.
  5. ^ a b c d e Chesneau 1980, m/s. 357.
  6. ^ Preston, Jordan & Dent 2005, m/s. 99.
  7. ^ a b c Lenton 1975, m/s. 106.
  8. ^ Friedman 2011, m/s. 294} }.
  9. ^ a b c Jarman 1997, m/s. 738.
  10. ^ Campbell 1985, m/s. 394.
  11. ^ Freivogel & Grobmeier 2006, m/s. 362.
  12. ^ a b c Whitley 1988, m/s. 312.
  13. ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara 2005, m/s. 99.
  14. ^ Hoptner 1963, m/s. 156.
  15. ^ Niehorster 2016.
  16. ^ Brown 1995, m/s. 44.
  17. ^ Chesneau 1980, m/s. 301.
  18. ^ a b Whitley 1988, m/s. 186.
  19. ^ a b Brescia 2012, m/s. 134.
  20. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, m/s. 93.
  21. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, m/s. 133.
  22. ^ a b Chesneau 1980, m/s. 358.
  23. ^ Brown 1995, m/s. 94.
  24. ^ a b Mallmann Showell 1979, m/s. 93.
  25. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, m/s. 231.
  26. ^ Whitley 1988, m/s. 80.
  27. ^ O'Hara 2013, m/s. 181.
  28. ^ Brown 1995, m/s. 149.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  • Brescia, Maurizio (2012). Mussolini's Navy. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59114-544-8.
  • Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-914-7.
  • Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-329-2.
  • Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent O. (2005). "The Star-Crossed Split". Dalam Jordan, John (penyunting). Warship 2005. London: Conway Maritime Press. m/s. 97–110. ISBN 978-1-84486-003-6.
  • Chesneau, Roger, penyunting (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-146-5.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2014). "From Glasgow to Genoa under Three Flags – The Yugoslav Flotilla Leader Dubrovnik" (PDF). Voennyi Sbornik. 4 (2): 83–88. doi:10.13187/issn.2309-6322. ISSN 2309-6322.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir & Grobmeier, A. H. (2006). "Question 36/05: Armament of Yugoslav Destroyer Leader Split". Warship International. XLIII (4): 362. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Hoptner, Jacob B. (1963). Yugoslavia in Crisis, 1934–1941. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 310483760.
  • Jarman, Robert L., penyunting (1997). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. 2. Slough, Berkshire: Archives Edition. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
  • Lenton, H.T. (1975). German Warships of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 978-0-356-04661-7.
  • Mallmann Showell, Jak P. (1979). The German Navy in World War Two: A Reference Guide to the Kriegsmarine, 1935–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-933-7.
  • Niehorster, Leo (2016). "Balkan Operations Order of Battle Royal Yugoslavian Navy 6th April 1941". Leo Niehorster. Dicapai pada 4 November 2016.
  • O'Hara, Vincent (2013). The German Fleet at War, 1939–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-397-3.
  • Preston, Antony; Jordan, John & Dent, Stephen (2005). Warship. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-84486-003-6.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen & Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-105-9.
  • Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-326-7.

Templat:Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy Templat:Beograd class destroyers Templat:April 1945 shipwrecks Templat:May 1945 shipwrecks

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