Kumpulan Bank Dunia

Bank Dunia

Logo Bank Dunia
Pembentukan	27 Disember 1945
Jenis	Pertubuhan antarabangsa
Status perundangan	Perjanjian
Tujuan	Pembangunan ekonomi, Penghapusan kemiskinan
Ahli	185 negara
Presiden	Robert B. Zoellick
Organisasi utama	Lembaga Pengarah
Laman sesawang	http://www.worldbankgroup.org/

Kumpulan Bank Dunia (World Bank Group atau WBG) merupakan sebuah keluarga lima organisasi yang memberikan bantuan pinjaman, secara umumnya kepada negara-negara yang miskin. Bank telah kembali kepada kewujudan rasminya pada 27 Disember 1945 berikutan daripada ratifikasi antarabangsa berikutan daripada perjanjian Bretton Woods, yang timbul daripada Persidangan Monetari dan Kewangan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (1 Julai – 22 Julai 1944). Ia juga memberikan batu asas kepada Jawatankuasa Osiander pada tahun 1951, yang bertanggungjawab kepada persediaan dan penilaian Laporan Pembangunan Dunia. Operasinya bermula pada 25 Jun 1946, ia bersetuju memberikan pinjaman pertamanya kepada Perancis pada 9 Mei 1947 ($250M untuk pembinaan semula selepas peperangan, di dalam bentuk nyata merupakan pinjaman terbesar yang dikeluarkan oleh Bank sehingga kini). Kelima-lima agensinya adalah seperti berikut:

• Bank Rekonstruksi dan Pembangunan Antarabangsa (IBRD)
• Persatuan Pembangunan Antarabangsa (IDA)
• Perbadanan Kewangan Antarabangsa (IFC)
• Agensi Jaminan Pelaburan Multilateral (MIGA)
• Pusat Antarabangsa bagi Pertikaian Pembayaran Pelaburan (ICSID)

Senarai Presiden

1. Eugene Meyer (18 Jun 1946 – 4 Disember 1946)
2. John J. McCloy (17 Mac 1947 – 1 Julai 1949)
3. Eugene R. Black, Sr. (1 Julai 1949 – 1 Januari 1963)
4. George David Woods (1 Januari 1963 – 1 April 1968)
5. Robert McNamara (1 April 1968 – 1 Julai 1981)
6. Alden W. Clausen (1 Julai 1981 – 1 Julai 1986)
7. Barber Conable (1 Julai 1986 – 1 September 1991)
8. Lewis Thompson Preston (1 September 1991 – 1 Februari 1995)
9. Pemangku: Ernest Stern (1 Februari 1995 – 1 Jun 1995)
10. James Wolfensohn (1 Jun 1995 – 1 Jun 2005)
11. Paul Wolfowitz (1 Jun 2005 – 1 Julai 2007)
12. Robert B. Zoellick (1 Julai 2007 – 1 Julai 2012)
13. Jim Yong Kim (1 Julai 2012 – kini)

Senarai Ketua Ekonomi

1. Hollis B. Chenery (1972–1982)
2. Anne Osborn Krueger (1982–1986)
3. Stanley Fischer (1988–1990)
4. Lawrence Summers (1991–1993)
5. Michael Bruno (1993–1996)
6. Joseph Stiglitz (1997–2000)
7. Nicholas Stern (2000–2003)
8. François Bourguignon (2003–2007)
9. Justin Yifu Lin (Jun 2008 – Jun 2012)
10. Martin Ravallion - (Jun 2012- Oktober 2012)
11. Kaushik Basu (Oktober 2012 – Julai 2016 )
12. Paul Romer (Ogos 2016 - kini)

Senarai Pengarah WBG

1. Christopher Willoughby (1970–1976)
2. Mervyn L. Weiner (1975–1984)
3. Yves Rovani (1986–1992)
4. Robert Picciotto (1992–2002)
5. Gregory K. Ingram (2002–2005)
6. Vinod Thomas (2005–2011)
7. Caroline Heider (2011–kini)

Senarai Ahli Lembaga Pengarah WBG

1. Sara Aviel: Amerika Syarikat
2. Allister Smith: Canada, Ireland, Guyana, Jamaica, Bahamas, Antigua dan Barbuda, Belize, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent dan the Grenadines
3. Juan Jose Bravo Moises: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Spain, Venezuela
4. Roberto Tan: Filipina, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Suriname, Brazil
5. César Guido Forcieri: Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay
6. Satu Santala: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
7. Gwen Hines: United Kingdom
8. Ingrid Hoven: Jerman
9. Herve de Villeroche: Perancis
10. Gino Alzetta: Belgium, Luxembourg, Republik Czech, Austria, Republik Slovakia, Hungary, Kosovo, Belarus, Turki
11. Frank Heemskerk: Belanda, Croatia, Bosnia dan Herzegovina, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Israel, Cyprus
12. Piero Cipollone: Albania, Greece, Itali, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Timor-Leste
13. Omar Bougara: Algeria, Afghanistan, Ghana, Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, Tunisia
14. Agapito Mendes Dias: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Afrika Selatan, Chad, Comoros, Republik Demokratik Congo, Republik Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Niger, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Togo
15. Denny H. Kalyalya: Botswana, Burundi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Kenya,Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
16. Mansur Muhtar: Angola, Nigeria
17. Merza Hasan: Bahrain, Arab Mesir, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yaman
18. Jorg Frieden: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrygyztan, Poland, Serbia, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
19. Andrei Lushin: Russia, Syria
20. Shixin Chen: China
21. Mukesh Nandan Prasad: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka
22. Sundaran Annamalai: Brunei Darussalam, Fiji, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, Tonga, Vietnam
23. Michael Willcock: Australia, Kemboja, Kiribati, Korea Selatan, Kepualauan Marshall, Micronesia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
24. Hideaki Suzuki: Jepun
25. Jawatan kosong: Arab Saudi

Lihat juga

• Institut Bank Dunia
• Kumpulan Penilaian Bebas
• Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa
• Globalisasi dan Kesihatan
• Biasiswa Bank Dunia
• World Bank Researchers Alliance for Development
• Conditionality
• Gerakan antiglobalisasi
• Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group
• Bank Pembangunan Asia
• Inter-American Development Bank
• Indeks Kemudahan Melakukan Perniagaan

Rujukan

• Axel Dreher (2002). The Development and Implementation of IMF and World Bank Conditionality. HWWA. ISSN 1616-4814.
• William Easterly (2001). The Elusive Quest for Growth. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-55042-3.
• Catherine Caufield (1997). Masters of Illusion. Henry Holt & Company, New York. ISBN 0-8050-2875-7 (hardcover) ISBN 0-330-35321-7 (paperback, 1998).
• Bruce Rich (1994). Mortgaging the Earth. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4704-X (hardcover), ISBN 0-8070-4707-4 (paperback).
• Walden Bello; dll. (1999). Dark Victory. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1466-X (hardcover) ISBN 0-935028-61-7 (paperback).
• Paul McClure (editor) (2003). A Guide to the World Bank. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-5344-6.Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra: senarai pengarang (link)
• Elizabeth P. McLellan (editor) (2003). The World Bank: Overview and Current Issues. Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 1-59033-550-3.Selenggaraan CS1: teks ekstra: senarai pengarang (link)
• Phillipe Le Prestre (1989). The World Bank and the Environmental Challenge. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 0-941664-98-8.
• Ansel Webb (1994). The World Bank Is Closed. NCSU Term Paper. ISBN none.
• Sebastian Mallaby (2004). The World's Banker: a story of failed states, financial crises, and the wealth and poverty of nations. Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-023-8.
• Zoe Young (2002). A New Green Order? The World Bank and the Politics of the Global Environment Facility. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1553-4.
• John Perkins (2004). Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. Ebury Press. ISBN 0-452-28708-1.

External links

• World Bank Group (website)
• World Bank (website)
• World Bank independent evaluation group (website)
• iSimulate @ World Bank
• World Bank YouTube channel

NGO

• Bretton Woods Project – Critical voices on the World Bank and IMF
• The Bank Information Center
• The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress (CEPR)PDF (281 KiB)
• IFIwatchnet, monitoring the World Bank and IMF
• World Bank Bonds Boycott
• World Bank President
• Wolfowitz Watch
• Publicprivatedialogue.org a resource for practitioners wishing to promote policy reforms through dialogue (sponsored by World Bank, IFC, OECD, DFID, GTZ)