Pengguna:SNN95/Kotak pasir/Yakuza

Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat SNN95/Kotak pasir/Yakuza (nyahkekaburan).

Yakuza

"Yakuza" ditulis dalam katakana
Diasakan oleh	Abad ke-17 (dianggap telah berasal dari Kabukimono)
Keahlian	102,560 orang ahli
Aktiviti jenayah	Kegiatan jenayah dan/atau perniagaan yang tidak sah
Ahli yang terkenal	Pengetua klan Yamaguchi-gumi Sumiyoshi-kai Inagawa-kai Lim-kai

Yakuza (Jepun: ヤクザ, [jaꜜkuza]), juga dikenali sebagai gokudō (Jepun: 極道), merupakan ahli-ahli kepada sindiket jenayah terancang transnasional yang bertempat di Jepun. Polis Jepun, dan media oleh permintaan polis, memanggil mereka bōryokudan (Jepun: 暴力団, "kumpulan ganas"), manakala yakuza memanggil diri mereka "ninkyō dantai" (Jepun: 任侠団体 or 仁侠団体, "organisasi yang sangat sopan"). Yakuza adalah sangat kejam untuk kod kelakuan yang ketat dan bersifat pegangan tanah feudal. Mereka mempunyai kehadiran yang besar di media Jepun dan beroperasi di peringkat antarabangsa dengan anggaran 102,000 ahli.

Asal kewujudan

Walaupun ketidakpastian mengenai asal tunggal organisasi yakuza, sebahagian besar yakuza moden berasal dari dua kelas yang muncul pada zaman pertengahan Edo (1603–1868): tekiya, mereka yang terutamanya meniaga barangan dicuri atau barang-barang yang kurang bermutu secara haram; dan bakuto, mereka yang terlibat dalam atau mengambil bahagian dalam perjudian.

"Tekiya" (peniaga) telah dianggap sebagai salah satu kumpulan sosial rendah di Edo. Kerana mereka mula membentuk organisasi mereka sendiri, mereka mengambil alih beberapa tugas pentadbiran berkaitan dengan perdagangan, seperti peruntukan gerai dan perlindungan aktiviti komersial mereka. Semasa perayaan Shinto, peniaga ini membuka gerai dan beberapa ahli telah diupah untuk bertindak sebagai jaminan. Setiap penjaja membayar sewa dalam pertukaran untuk tugasan gerai dan perlindungan semasa pameran itu.

Sepanjang sejarah, terutama sejak era moden, pulau Kyushu telah menjadi sumber terbesar ahli yakuza, termasuk bos banyak terkenal dalam Yamaguchi-gumi. Isokichi Yoshida (1867-1936) adalah daripada kawasan Kitakyushu itu dan dianggap yakuza moden terkenal yang pertama. Baru-baru ini Shinobu Tsukasa dan Kunio Inoue, pihak majikan daripada dua puak paling berkuasa di Yamaguchi-gumi, adalah dari Kyushu. Fukuoka, bahagian utara pulau itu, mempunyai bilangan terbesar sindiket yang ditetapkan di kalangan semua wilayah.

Kerajaan Edo akhirnya diiktiraf secara rasmi organisasi tekiya dan diberikan oyabun (pemimpin) tekiya sebuah nama keluarga dan juga kebenaran untuk membawa pedang—wakizashi, atau pedang pendek samurai (hak untuk membawa katana, atau pedang samurai saiz penuh, kekal hak eksklusif golongan bangsawan dan samurai kasta). Ini adalah satu langkah ke hadapan yang penting untuk peniaga, kerana sebelum ini hanya samurai dan bangsawan dibenarkan membawa pedang.

Bakuto (penjudi) mempunyai kedudukan sosial yang jauh lebih rendah walaupun daripada peniaga, kerana perjudian adalah tidak sah. Banyak rumah-rumah perjudian kecil timbul di kuil ditinggalkan atau tempat-tempat suci di pinggir bandar-bandar dan kampung-kampung di seluruh Jepun. Kebanyakan rumah-rumah perjudian menjalankan perniagaan pinjaman wang untuk pelanggan, dan mereka biasanya menyimpan anggota keselamatan mereka sendiri. Di tempat mereka sendiri, dan juga sebagai bakuto, dianggap dengan penghinaan oleh masyarakat, dan banyak imej yang tidak diingini yakuza yang berasal dari bakuto; ini termasuk nama yakuza itu sendiri ( ya-ku-za, atau 8-9-3, adalah tangan yang kalah dalam Oicho-Kabu, satu bentuk Baccarat).

Oleh kerana keadaan ekonomi semasa zaman pertengahan dan penguasaan kelas saudagar, membangunkan kumpulan Yakuza telah terdiri daripada golongan tidak secocok dan budak jahat yang telah menyertai atau membentuk kumpulan Yakuza untuk memeras pelanggan di pasaran tempatan dengan menjual barangan palsu atau yang kurang bermutu.[[:]]

Akar kepada yakuza masih boleh dilihat hari ini dalam upacara inisiasi, yang menggabungkan tekiya atau bakuto ritual. Walaupun yakuza moden telah mempelbagaikan, beberapa kumpulan masih mengenal pasti dengan satu kumpulan atau yang lain; sebagai contoh, kumpulan yang sumber utama pendapatan adalah perjudian haram boleh merujuk kepada diri mereka sebagai bakuto.

Organisasi dan aktiviti

Struktur

Hierarki yakuza

Semasa pembentukan yakuza, mereka menggunakan struktur hierarki Jepun tradisional oyabun-kobun, yang mana Kobun (子分; secara harfiah anak angkat) berhutang kesetiaan mereka kepada oyabun (Jepun: 親分, lit. ayah angkat). Dalam tempoh yang lebih lewat, kod jingi (Jepun: 仁義, keadilan dan kewajipan/tugas) telah dibangunkan di mana kesetiaan dan menghormati adalah cara hidup.

Hubungan oyabun-kobun dirasmikan oleh upacara perkongsian sake dari sebiji cawan. Ritual ini tidak eksklusif kepada yakuza—ia juga biasa dilakukan di Jepun Shinto majlis perkahwinan tradisional, dan mungkin telah menjadi sebahagian daripada hubungan sumpah persaudaraan.

Semasa era Perang Dunia II di Jepun, kumpulan organisasi tradisional tekiya/bakuto merosot apabila seluruh penduduk telah digerakkan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam usaha perang dan masyarakat berada di bawah kerajaan tentera yang ketat. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas perang, yakuza diadaptasikan semula.

Bakal yakuza datang dari semua lapisan masyarakat. Cerita yang paling romantis memberitahu bagaimana yakuza menerima anak lelaki yang telah ditinggalkan atau dibuang oleh ibu bapa mereka. Banyak yakuza memulakan di sekolah tinggi junior atau sekolah tinggi sebagai samseng jalanan biasa atau ahli-ahli Bosozoku kumpulan. Mungkin kerana status yang lebih rendah sosio-ekonomi, banyak ahli yakuza datang dari burakumin dan etnik berlatarbelakangkan Korea.

Kumpulan yakuza diketuai oleh oyabun atau kumichō (Jepun: 組長, ketua keluarga) yang memberikan perintah kepada orang bawahan beliau, kobun . Dalam hal ini, organisasi adalah variasi model tradisional Jepun senpai-kōhai (senior-junior). Ahli-ahli kumpulan yakuza memutuskan hubungan keluarga mereka dan memindahkan kesetiaan mereka kepada bos kumpulan itu. Mereka merujuk kepada satu sama lain sebagai ahli keluarga - bapa dan tua dan adik lelakinya. Yakuza ini dihuni hampir keseluruhannya oleh lelaki, dan terdapat hanya beberapa wanita yang terlibat yang dipanggil ane-san (Jepun: 姐さん, kakak besar). Apabila bos Yamaguchi-gumi ke-3 (Kazuo Taoka) meninggal dunia pada awal 1980-an, isterinya (Fumiko) mengambil alih sebagai bos Yamaguchi-gumi, walaupun untuk masa yang singkat.

Yakuza mempunyai struktur organisasi yang kompleks. Terdapat keseluruhan bos sindiket itu, iaitu kumicho, dan secara langsung di bawahnya dia adalah saiko komon (penasihat kanan) dan so-honbucho (ketua ibu pejabat). Tahap kedua dalam rantaian perintah adalah wakagashira, yang memerintah beberapa kumpulan-kumpulan di rantau dengan bantuan seorang fuku-honbucho yang dirinya bertanggungjawab untuk beberapa kumpulan. Kumpulan-kumpulan serantau mereka sendiri dikawal oleh bos tempatan mereka, iaitu shateigashira.

Hubungan setiap ahli berada di kedudukan oleh hierarki sakazuki (perkongsian sake). Kumicho berada di atas, dan mengawal pelbagai saikō-komon (Jepun: 最高顧問, penasihat kanan). Saikō-komon mengawal padang permainan mereka sendiri di tempat atau bandar-bandar yang berbeza. Mereka mempunyai orang bawahannya mereka sendiri, termasuk ketua bawahan lain, penasihat, akauntan dan penguatkuasa.

Orang yang telah diberi sake dari oyabun adalah sebahagian daripada keluarga terdekat dan kedudukan dari segi abang atau lebih muda. Walau bagaimanapun, setiap kobun, seterusnya, boleh menawarkan sakazuki sebagai oyabun kepada bawahan untuk membentuk sebuah organisasi yang bergabung, yang mungkin dalam bentuk seterusnya yang lebih rendah organisasi kedudukan. Dalam Yamaguchi-gumi, yang mengawal 2,500 perniagaan dan 500 kumpulan yakuza, terdapat organisasi anak syarikat kedudukan kelima.

Upacara

Yubitsume, atau memotong kira seseorang, adalah satu bentuk pertapaan permohonan maaf. Apabila kesalahan pertama, yang melanggar hukum yang mesti memotong hujung jari kirinya sedikit dan memberikan bahagian yang terputus kepada bosnya. Kadang-kadang ketua bawahan yang boleh melakukan ini dalam penebusan dosa untuk oyabun jika dia mahu untuk ganti ahli kumpulan sendiri daripada tindakan balas selanjutnya.

Asalnya berpunca daripada cara tradisional memegang pedang Jepun. Bahagian bawah tiga jari setiap tangan digunakan untuk cengkaman pedang ketat, dengan ibu jari dan telunjuk jari sedikit longgar. Penyingkiran setiap satu bermula dengan jari kelengking sehingga jari telunjuk secara beransur-ansur melemahkan genggaman pedang seseorang.

Idea ini adalah bahawa seseorang yang mempunyai cengkaman pedang yang lemah kemudian mempunyai lebih bergantung kepada perlindungan kumpulan—mengurangkan tindakan individu itu. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, hujung jari palsu telah dibangunkan untuk menyembunyikan penampilan tersendiri ini.

Satu contoh awal tatu Irezumi, 1870-an.

Banyak yakuza mempunyai tatu penuh badan (termasuk kemaluan mereka). Tatu ini, yang dikenali sebagai irezumi di Jepun, masih menggunakan cucuhan tangan, iaitu, dakwat dimasukkan di bawah kulit memalui buatan tangan dan pegang tangan alat dengan jarum buluh runcing atau keluli; bukan seperti teknik moden sekarang menggunakan mesin cucuhan jarum. Prosedur ini adalah mahal, menyakitkan, dan mengambil masa bertahun untuk disiapkan.

Apabila ahli yakuza bermain kad Oicho-Kabu antara satu sama lain, mereka sering membuka baju dan menggantungkannya pada pinggang mereka. Ini membolehkan mereka mempamerkan tatu penuh badan mereka untuk satu sama lain. Ini adalah salah satu daripada beberapa kali bahawa ahli-ahli yakuza mempamerkan tatu mereka kepada orang lain, kerana mereka biasanya menyimpan mereka tersembunyi di khalayak ramai dengan baju lengan panjang dan berleher tinggi. Apabila ahli-ahli baru menyertai, mereka sering dikehendaki membuang seluar mereka juga dan mendedahkan apa-apa tatu bahagian bawah badan.

Sindiket

Empat simndiket besar

Walaupun keahlian yakuza telah menurun berikutan undang-undang anti-geng bertujuan khusus untuk yakuza dan diluluskan oleh kerajaan Jepun pada tahun 1992, terdapat dianggap lebih daripada 58,000 ahli yakuza aktif di Jepun hari ini. Walaupun terdapat banyak kumpulan yakuza yang berbeza, bersama-sama mereka membentuk kumpulan jenayah terancang yang terbesar di dunia.

Keluarga utama	Penerangan	Mon (lambang)
Yamaguchi-gumi (Jepun: 六代目山口組, Hepburn: Rokudaime Yamaguchi-gumi)	The Yamaguchi-gumi is the biggest yakuza family, accounting for 50% of all yakuza in Japan, with more than 55,000 members divided into 850 clans. Despite more than one decade of police repression, the Yamaguchi-gumi has continued to grow. From its headquarters in Kobe, it directs criminal activities throughout Japan. It is also involved in operations in Asia and the United States. Shinobu Tsukasa, also known as Kenichi Shinoda, is the Yamaguchi-gumi's current oyabun. He follows an expansionist policy, and has increased operations in Tokyo (which has not traditionally been the territory of the Yamaguchi-gumi.) The Yamaguchi family is successful to the point where its name has become synonymous with Japanese organized crime in many parts of Asia outside Japan. Many Chinese or Korean persons who do not know the name "Yakuza" would know the name "Yamaguchi-gumi", which is frequently portrayed in gangster films.	"Yamabishi" (山菱)
Sumiyoshi-kai (Jepun: 住吉会)	The Sumiyoshi-kai is the second largest yakuza family, with 20,000 members divided into 277 clans. Sumiyoshi-kai is a confederation of smaller yakuza groups. Its current head (会長 oyabun) is Isao Seki. Structurally, Sumiyoshi-kai differs from its principal rival, the Yamaguchi-gumi, in that it functions like a federation. The chain of command is more lax, and although Shigeo Nishiguchi is always the supreme oyabun, its leadership is distributed among several other people.
Inagawa-kai (Jepun: 稲川会)	The Inagawa-kai is the third largest yakuza family in Japan, with roughly 15,000 members divided into 313 clans. It is based in the Tokyo-Yokohama area and was one of the first yakuza families to expand its operations to outside Japan. Its current oyabun is Kiyota Jiro.
Aizukotetsu-kai (Jepun: 六代目会津小鉄会)	The Aizukotetsu-kai is the fourth largest yakuza family in Japan, with roughly 7,000 members. Rather than a stand-alone gang, the Aizukotetsu-kai is a federation of approximately 100 of Kyoto's various yakuza groups. Its name comes from the Aizu region, "Kotetsu", a type of Japanese sword. It's main based is in Kyoto.

Designated boryokudan

A designated boryokudan (Jepun: 指定暴力団, Hepburn: Shitei Bōryokudan) is a "particularly harmful" yakuza group registered by the Prefectural Public Safety Commissions under the Organized Crime Countermeasures Law (Jepun: 暴力団対策法, Hepburn: Bōryokudan Taisaku Hō) enacted in 1991.

Under the Organized Crime Countermeasures Law, the Prefectural Public Safety Commissions have registered 21 syndicates as the designated boryokudan groups. Fukuoka Prefecture has the largest number of designated boryokudan groups among all of the prefectures, at 5; the Kudo-kai, the Taishu-kai, the Fukuhaku-kai, the Dojin-kai and the Namikawa-kai.

Designated boryokudan groups are usually large, old-established organizations (mostly formed before World War II, some even formed before the Meiji Restoration of the 19th century), however there are some exceptions such as the Namikawa-kai which, with its blatant armed conflicts with the Dojin-kai, was registered only two years after its formation.

The numbers which follow the names of boryokudan groups refer to the group's leadership. For example, Yoshinori Watanabe headed the Yamaguchi-gumi fifth; on his retirement, Shinobu Tsukasa became head of the Yamaguchi-gumi sixth, and "Yamaguchi-gumi VI" is the group's formal name.

Name	Japanese Name	Headquarters	Reg. in	Notes
Yamaguchi-gumi VI	六代目山口組	Kobe, Hyogo	1992	Yamaguchi means the surname of the boss and kumi or gumi means group.
Inagawa-kai	稲川会	Minato, Tokyo	1992	Inagawa means the surname of the boss and kai means organization or society. It is a member of the Kantō-Shinboku-kai (Kanto social gathering).
Sumiyoshi-kai	住吉会	Minato, Tokyo	1992	Sumiyoshi means the name of place. It is a member of the Kantō-Shinboku-kai.
Aizu-Kotetsu-kai VI	六代目会津小鉄会	Kyoto, Kyoto	1992	It was renamed from Aizu-Kotetsu in 1998. Aizu Kotetsu means the nickname of the first boss and Aizu means the name of place.
Kudō-kai V	五代目工藤會	Kitakyushu, Fukuoka	1992	It was renamed from Kudō-rengō-Kusano-ikka in 1999. Kudō means the surname of the boss. It is a member of the Yonsha-kai (Four social gathering).
Kyokuryū-kai	旭琉會	Okinawa, Okinawa	1992	It was renamed from Okinawa-Kyokuryū-kai in 2011.
Kyōsei-kai V	五代目共政会	Hiroshima, Hiroshima	1992	It is a member of the Gosha-kai (Five social gathering).
Gōda-ikka VII	七代目合田一家	Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi	1992	Gōda means the surname of the boss and ikka means family. It is a member of the Gosha-kai.
Kozakura-ikka IV	四代目小桜一家	Kagoshima, Kagoshima	1992
Asano-gumi V	五代目浅野組	Kasaoka, Okayama	1992	Asano means the surname of the boss. It is a member of the Gosha-kai.
Dōjin-kai	道仁会	Kurume, Fukuoka	1992	It is a member of the Yonsha-kai.
Shinwa-kai II	二代目親和会	Takamatsu, Kagawa	1992	It is a member of the Gosha-kai.
Sōai-kai	双愛会	Ichihara, Chiba	1992	It is a member of the Kantō-Shinboku-kai.
Kyōdō-kai III	三代目俠道会	Onomichi, Hiroshima	1993	It is a member of the Gosha-kai.
Taishū-kai	太州会	Tagawa, Fukuoka	1993	Taishū means the nickname of the first boss. It is a member of the Yonsha-kai.
Sakaume-gumi IX	九代目酒梅組	Osaka, Osaka	1993
Kyokutō-kai	極東会	Toshima, Tokyo	1993	Kyokutō means Far East. It is a member of the Kantō-Shinnō-Doushi-kai (Kanto Shennong Association). It is a tekiya group.
Azuma-gumi II	二代目東組	Osaka, Osaka	1993	Azuma means the surname of the boss.
Matsuba-kai	松葉会	Taito, Tokyo	1994	Matsuba means pine needle, is kamon of the boss of predecessor syndicate Sekine-gumi. It is a member of the Kantō-Shinboku-kai.
Fukuhaku-kai III	三代目福博会	Fukuoka, Fukuoka	2000	Fukuhaku means the name of place, Hakata Fukuoka.
Namikawa-kai	浪川会	Omuta, Fukuoka	2008	It was formed from split from Dojin-kai in 2006 and remained active until on June 11, 2013, when the senior members of the Kyushu Seido-kai said that the gang was disbanding to rejoin the Dojin-kai after resolving the problems the dispute had caused. On October 7, 2013 was formed the Namikawa-mutsumi-kai by upper members of the former Kyushu-Seido-kai when they visited a shrine in Kumamoto Prefecture when one member read aloud an oath announcing the formation of the new yakuza group, based in Omuta City, Fukuoka. Namikawa means the surname of the boss.
Kōbe-Yamaguchi-gumi	神戸山口組	Awaji, Hyogo	2016	It was split of Yamaguchi-gumi VI in 2015.

Designated boryokudan in the past

Name	Japanese Name	Headquarters	Designated in	Notes
Ishikawa-ikka	石川一家	Saga	1993 - 1995	Ishikawa means the surname of the boss. It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi V in 1995.
Dainippon-Heiwa-kai II	二代目大日本平和会	Hyogo	1994 – 1997	It was successor of Honda-kai. Dainippon means Great Japan and heiwa means peace. It was not designated update.
Kumamoto-rengō Yamano-kai III	熊本連合 三代目山野会	Kumamoto	1998 – 2001	Kumamoto means the name of place and rengo means coalition. Yamano means the surname of the boss. It was destroyed.
Kyokutō-Sakurai-sōke-rengō-kai	極東桜井總家連合会	Shizuoka	1993 – 2005	Sakurai means the surname of the boss, sōke means all family or head family and rengō-kai means federation. It disappeared.
Kokusui-kai	國粹会	Tokyo	1994 – 2005	Kokusui means Japanese nationalism. It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi VI.
Nakano-kai	中野会	Osaka	1999 – 2005	It was split from Yamaguchi-gumi in 1997. Nakano means the surname of the boss. It was disbanded in 2005.
Kyokuryū-kai IV	四代目旭琉會	Okinawa	1992 – 2012	It has been merged into Okinawa-Kyokuryū-kai in 2011.

Other notable bōryokudan

Name	Japanese name	Headquarters	Boss	Notes
Seishin-kai	清心会	Iwate	Ōta Seigo? (太田 清吾)	Its core is the Tokyo-Seidai-Hoshi-ikka-Ota III (東京盛代星一家太田三代目).
Genseida-Kōyū-kai	源清田交友会	Ibaraki	Shiroo Tanabe (田名辺 城男)	Its core is the Genseida-Tanabe III (源清田田名辺三代目). It had once belonged to the Zen-Nihon-Genseida-rengo-kai (全日本源清田連合会).
Matsuba-kai-Sekine-gumi	松葉会関根組	Ibaraki	Nariaki Ōtsuka (大塚 成晃)	It was split from Matsuba-kai in 2014. Sekine means the surname of the boss.
Chōrakuji-ikka III	三代目長楽寺一家	Tochigi	Kazuo Hori (堀 和雄)
Yorii-sōke VII	七代目寄居宗家	Gunma	Kiyoshi Kawada? (川田 清史)	It withdrew from Kōdō-kai. Yorii means the name of place and soke means head family.
Yorii-bunke V	寄居分家五代目	Gunma	Hiroshi Godai (五代 博)	Bunke means branch family. It is a member of the Kantō-Shinnō-Doushi-kai.
Kameya-ikka V	五代目亀屋一家	Saitama	Akira Shirahata? (白畑 晟)	It was split from Takezawa-kai.
Yoshiha-kai VII	七代目吉羽会	Saitama	Kiyomasa Nakamura (中村 清正)	It was split from Takezawa-kai. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Takezawa-kai	竹澤会	Chiba	Haruo Ōtawa (太田和 春雄)	It was renamed from Zen-Takezawa-rengō-kai. Takezawa means the surname of the boss. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Asakusa-Sanzun V	五代目浅草三寸	Tokyo	Yutaka Fujisaki (藤咲 豊)	Asakusa means the name of place and sanzun is a kind of tekiya.
Anegasaki-kai	姉ヶ崎会	Tokyo	Shigetami Nakanome (中野目 重民)	It was renamed from Anegasaki-rengō-kai in 2006. Anegasaki means the name of place. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Iijima-kai VIII	八代目飯島会	Tokyo	Kanji Nishikawa? (西川 冠士)	It was renamed from Zen-Nihon-Iijima-rengō-kai. Iijima means the surname of the boss. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Okaniwa-kai	岡庭会	Tokyo	Seiichirō Okaniwa (岡庭 清一郎)	Okaniwa means the surname of the boss. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Kawaguchiya-kai	川口家会	Tokyo	Kiyoshi Osaka (大坂 清)
Kanda-Takagi VII	神田高木七代目	Tokyo	Akira Nagamura (長村 昭)	Kanda means the name of place and Takagi means the surname of the boss.
Shitaya-Hanajima-kai?	下谷花島会	Tokyo	Ōsaka Isamu? (大坂 勇)	Shitaya means the name of place. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Jōshūya-kai	上州家会	Tokyo	Katsuhiko Itō (伊藤 勝彦)	It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Shinmon-rengō-kai	新門連合会	Tokyo	Naoaki Kasama (笠間 直明)	It has inherited the genealogy of Shinmon Tatsugoro.
Sugitō-kai	杉東会	Tokyo	Tomoaki Nohara (野原 朝明)	Sugitō means east of Suginami. It was renamed from Sugitō-rengō-kai. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Daigo-kai	醍醐会	Tokyo	Hideo Aoyama (青山 秀夫)	It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Chōjiya-kai	丁字家会	Tokyo	Gorō Yoshida (吉田 五郎)	It was renamed from Zen-Chōjiya-rengō-kai. Chōjiya means clove merchants. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Tenjin'yama	天神山	Tokyo	unknown	It was split of Kyokutō-kai.
Tōa-kai	東亜会	Tokyo	Yoshio Kaneumi (金海 芳雄)	It is successor of Tōsei-kai. Tōa means East Asia. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinboku-kai.
Hashiya-kai	箸家会	Tokyo	Kōtarō Satō (佐藤 幸太郎)	It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Hanamata-kai	花又会	Tokyo	Akira Kiyono (清野 昭)	It was renamed from Hanamata-rengō-kai. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Masuya-kai	桝屋会	Tokyo	Sotojirō Higashiura (東浦 外次郎)	It was renamed from Zen-Masuya-rengō-kai. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Matsuzakaya-ikka V	五代目松坂屋一家	Tokyo	Takichi Nishimura (西村 太吉)
Ryōgokuya-kai	両国家会	Tokyo	unknown	It was renamed from Zen-Ryōgokuya-rengō-kai. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Ametoku-rengō-kai	飴德連合会	Kanagawa	Hideya Nagamochi? (永持 英哉)	Ametoku means the nickname of the first boss. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Tokuriki-ikka V	五代目徳力一家	Kanagawa	unknown	It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Yokohama-Kaneko-kai	横浜金子会	Kanagawa	Takashi Terada (寺田 隆)	Yokohama means the name of place and Kaneko means the surname of the boss. It is a member of the Kanto-Shinno-Doushi-kai.
Sakurai-sōke	櫻井總家	Shizuoka	Hiroyoshi Sano (佐野 宏好)	It is successor of Kyutō-Sakurai-sōke-rengō-kai.
Chūkyō-Shinnō-kai	中京神農会	Aichi	Eizō Yamagashira? (山頭 栄三)	It was split from Dōyū-kai. Chūkyō means the name of place and Shinno is Shennong, a mythical sage ruler of prehistoric China.
Marutomi-rengō-kai	丸富連合会	Kyoto	Satoshi Kitahashi? (北橋 斉)
Sanshaku-gumi-honke IV	大阪四代目三尺組本家	Osaka	Aizō Tanaka (田中 愛造)
Naoshima-Giyū-kai	直嶋義友会	Osaka	Tadashi Noda (野田 忠志)	Naoshima means the surname of the boss.
Kōbe-Hakurō-kai-sōhonbu V	五代目神戸博労会総本部	Hyogo	Shikano Noboru? (鹿野 昇)	Kōbe and Hakurō means the name of place.
Chūsei-kai	忠成会	Hyogo	Tadaaki Ōmori (大森 匡晃)
Matsuura-gumi II	二代目松浦組	Hyogo	Kazuo Kasaoka (笠岡 一雄)	Matsuura means the surname of the boss.
Konjin-Tsumura-sōhonke II	二代目金神津村總本家	Hiroshima	Yoshisuke Tsumura? (津村 義輔)	Sōhonke means all family or head family.
Chūgoku-Takagi-kai III	三代目中国高木会	Hiroshima	Hideyoshi Daigen? (大源 秀吉)	It is successor of Kyōsei-kai Murakami-gumi. Chūgoku means the name of place and Takagi means the surname of the boss.
Kyūshū-Kashida-kai III	三代目九州樫田会	Fukuoka	Takashi Koga? (古賀 孝司)	Kyūshū means the name of place and Kashida means the surname of the boss.
Tatekawa-kai? III	九州三代目立川会	Fukuoka	Toshihiko Ikeura (池浦 敏彦)
Nakanishi-kai	中西会	Fukuoka	unknown
Fujiie-kai?	藤家会	Fukuoka	Mitsuo Nakao (中尾 光男)	Fujiie means the surname of the boss.
Kyūshū-Kumashiro-rengō?	九州神代連合	Saga	Katsuji Noguchi (野口 勝次)
Kyūshū-Ozaki-kai II	二代目九州尾崎会	Nagasaki	Kuniyuki Koga (古賀 國行)	Ozaki means the surname of the boss.
Kumamoto-kai III	三代目熊本會	Kumamoto	Hidenori Morihara (森原 秀徳)	It is successor of Kumamoto-rengō. It is a member of the Yonsha-kai.
Sanshin-kai	山心会	Kumamoto	Atsushi Inoue (井上 厚)	It is successor of Kumamoto-rengō Yamano-kai. It was renamed from Sanshin-kai (山心会).
Murakami-gumi III	九州三代目村上組	Oita	Yoshishige Matsuoka (松岡 良茂)	Murakami means the surname of the boss.
Nishida-kai V	五代目西田会	Miyazaki	Kazuo Tanaka (田中 一夫)

Other prominent boryokudan

Name	Japanese name	Headquarters	Notes
Marumo-ikka	丸茂一家	Hokkaido
Seiyū-kai	誠友会	Hokkaido	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi IV in 1985.
Zen-Chojiya-Hachiya-rengo-kai	全丁字家蜂谷連合会	Hokkaido	It was disbanded in 1988, the remaining organizations have subscribed to Kenryu-kai and Kodo-kai.
Yorii-Sekiho-rengo	寄居関保連合	Hokkaido	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi.
Umeya-Abe-rengo-kai	梅家阿部連合会	Hokkaido	It was joined to the Kodo-kai.
Kigure-ikka	木暮一家	Hokkaido	It was joined to the Inagawa-kai.
Aizuya-ikka-Kodaka	会津家一家小高	Hokkaido
Koshijiya-rengo	越路家連合	Hokkaido	It was joined to the Inagawa-kai.
Kanto-Komatsuya-ikka	関東小松家一家	Hokkaido
Oshu-Umeya-rengo-kai	奥州梅家連合会	Aomori	It was joined to the Inagawa-kai.
Oshu-Saikaiya-so-rengo-kai	奥州西海家総連合会	Miyagi	It was joined to the Sumiyoshi-kai.
Tokyo-Seidai-Nishikido-kai	東京盛代錦戸会	Miyagi	It was joined to the Sumiyoshi-kai.
Tokyo-Seidai-Kawasaki-kai	東京盛代川崎会	Miyagi	It was joined to the Sumiyoshi-kai.
Nishikata-ikka	西方一家	Miyagi
Anegasaki-Yagami-kai	姉ケ崎八神会	Akita	It was joined to the Inagawa-kai.
Aizuya-ikka-Nomoto	会津家一家野本	Akita	It was joined to the Kyokuto-kai.
Oshu-Yamaguchi-rengo	奥州山口連合	Yamagata	It was joined to the Sumiyoshi-kai.
Oshu-Aizu-Kakusada-ikka	奥州会津角定一家	Fukushima	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi.
Maruto-kai	丸唐会	Fukushima	It was joined to the Sumiyoshi-kai.
Matsuba-kai-Doushi-kai	松葉会同志会	Ibaraki	It was disbanded, then joined to the Matsuba-kai.
Shinwa-kai	親和会	Tochigi	It was joined to the Sumiyoshi-kai.
Kochiya-kai	河内家会	Tochigi	It was joined to the Kyokuto-kai.
Zennihon-Yorii-rengo-kai	全日本寄居連合会	Gunma	It disappeared.
Kanto-Kumaya-rengo	関東熊屋連合	Saitama	It was joined to Kyokuto-kai.
Zennihon-Genseida-rengo-kai	全日本源清田連合会	Chiba	It disappeared.
Kanto-Chojamachi-kai	関東長者町会	Chiba	It was joined to Sumiyoshi-kai.
Minato-kai	港会	Tokyo	It was disbanded, then taken over by Sumiyoshi-kai.
Kohei-ikka	幸平一家	Tokyo	It was joined to the Minato-kai.
Doshida-ikka	圡支田一家	Tokyo
Sekine-gumi	関根組	Tokyo	It was disbanded, then taken over by Matsuba-kai.
Ando-gumi (Azuma-kogyo)	安東組 (東興業)	Tokyo	It was disbanded.
Tosei-kai	東声会	Tokyo	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi, then it was disbanded and taken over by Toa-kai.
Koganei-ikka	小金井一家	Tokyo	It was joined to the Nibiki-kai.
Nibiki-kai	二率会	Tokyo	It was disbanded.
Hokusei-kai	北星会	Tokyo	It was disbanded.
Kowa-kai	交和会	Tokyo	It was successor of Hokusei-kai. It joined to the Inagawa-kai.
Namai-ikka	生井一家	Tokyo	It was joined to the Kokusui-kai.
Ochiai-ikka	落合一家	Tokyo	It was joined to the Kokusui-kai.
Aizuya-rengo-kai	會津家連合会	Tokyo	It was joined to the Goto-gumi.
Tokyo-Yasuda-kai	東京安田会	Tokyo	It was joined to the Rachi-gumi.
Kanto-Hayashi-gumi-rengo-kai	関東林組連合会	Tokyo
Kyokuto-Aio-rengo-kai	極東愛桜連合会	Tokyo	It was disbanded in 1967.
Ishimoto-kai	石元会	Tokyo
Ryogoku-kai	両国会	Tokyo
Kinsei-kai	錦政会	Tokyo
Joman-ikka	上萬一家	Tokyo
Gijin-to	義人党	Kawasaki, Kanagawa	It was disbanded. The successor organization has joined the Sumiyoshi-kai.
Kanto-Hayashi-gumi-rengo-kai	関東林組連合会
Yokohama-Saikaiya	横浜西海家	Kanagawa	It was joined to the Kyokuto-kai.
Kawauchi-gumi	川内組	Fukui	It was joined to the Sugatani-gumi.
Yamanashi-Kyōyū-kai	山梨侠友會	Yamanashi	It was split from Inagawa-kai in 2011. Yamanashi means the name of place. It disbanded in 2016, joined Inagawa-kai and renamed Sano-gumi.
Shinshu-Saito-ikka	信州斎藤一家	Nagano
Yoshihama-kai	芳浜会	Gifu
Ikeda-ikka	池田一家	Gifu
Shimizu-ikka	清水一家	Shizuoka	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi.
	中泉一家	Shizuoka
Reiganjima-Masuya-Hattori-kai	霊岸島桝屋服部会	Shizuoka
Honganji-ikka	本願寺一家	Aichi
Inabaji-ikka	稲葉地一家	Nagoya, Aichi	It was joined to the Kodo-kai.
Unmeikyodo-kai	運命共同会	Aichi	It was disbanded.
Hirai-ikka	平井一家	Toyohashi, Aichi	It was joined to the Unmeikyodo-kai.
Tesshin-kai	鉄心会	Nagoya, Aichi	It was joined to the Unmeikyodo-kai.
Chukyo-Asano-kai	中京浅野会	Aichi	It was joined to the Unmeikyodo-kai.
Seto-ikka	瀬戸一家	Seto, Aichi	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi.
Doyu-kai	導友会	Nagoya, Aichi	It was joined to the Kodo-kai.
Sankichi-ikka	三吉一家	Aichi
Kira-ikka	吉良一家	Aichi
Kusuriya-rengo-kai	薬屋連合会	Aichi
Kumaya-ikka	熊屋一家	Aichi
Nagoya-Chojamachi-ikka	名古屋長者町一家	Aichi
Hiranoya-ikka	平野家一家	Nagoya, Aichi	It was joined to the Kodo-kai.
Aio-kai	愛桜会	Mie	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi.
Kanbeya-ikka	神戸屋一家	Mie
Shujiro-ikka	周次郎一家
Kamijo-gumi	上條組	Mie
Ise-Kanbe-ikka	伊勢神戸一家	Mie
Ise-Kawashima-ikka	伊勢川島一家	Mie
Tsunan-ikka	津南一家	Mie
Mizutani-ikka	水谷一家	Mie	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi.
Ise-Kamiya-ikka	伊勢紙谷一家	Mie
Nakajima-rengo-kai	中島連合会	Kyoto	It was joined to the Aizu-Kotetsu-kai.
Sunakogawa-gumi	砂子川組	Osaka	It was a descendant of Aizu Kotetsu.
Nakamasa-gumi	中政組	Osaka	It was a descendant of Aizu Kotetsu.
	小久一家	Osaka
	長政	Osaka
Dankuma-kai	淡熊会	Osaka, Osaka
Yamato-Nara-gumi	倭奈良組	Osaka
Dajokan	大政官	Osaka
I-rengo	い聯合	Osaka
Yamaguchi-gumi Yanagawa-gumi	山口組 柳川組	Osaka
Hayano-kai	早野会	Osaka
Oguruma-Makoto-kai	小車誠会	Osaka
Imanishi-gumi	今西組	Osaka	It was joined to the Sakaume-gumi.
Ono-ikka	大野一家	Osaka
Minami-ikka	南一家	Osaka
Sumida-kai	澄田会	Osaka
Matsuda-gumi (Matsuda-rengo)	松田組 (松田連合)	Osaka
Hadani-gumi	波谷組	Osaka	It was disbanded in 1994.
Komasa-gumi	小政組	Osaka
Doi-gumi	土井組	Osaka
	九紋龍組	Osaka
Oshima-gumi	大嶋組	Hyogo
Honda-kai	本多会	Hyogo
Ichiwa-kai	一和会	Hyogo	It was disbanded.
Suwa-ikka	諏訪一家	Hyogo
Sasaki-gumi	佐々木組	Wakayama
Takenaka-gumi	竹中組	Okayama	It withdrew from the Yamaguchi-gumi.
Kinoshita-kai	木下会	Okayama
Takahashi-gumi	高橋組	Onomichi, Hiroshima
Katsuura-kai	勝浦会	Tokushima	It was disbanded in 1998.
Mori-kai	森会	Tokushima
Matsuyama-rengo-kai	松山連合会	Ehime	It was joined to the Yamaguchi-gumi.
Kyushu-Kyoyu-rengo-kai	九州侠友連合会	Fukuoka
Seibu-rengo	西武連合	Karatsu, Saga
Kumamoto-rengo	熊本連合	Kumamoto
Kitaoka-kai	北岡会	Kumamoto
Daimon-kai	大門会	Kumamoto

Current activities

Japan

Yakuza are regarded as semi-legitimate organizations. For example, immediately after the Kobe earthquake, the Yamaguchi-gumi, whose headquarters are in Kobe, mobilized itself to provide disaster relief services (including the use of a helicopter), and this was widely reported by the media as a contrast to the much slower response by the Japanese government. The yakuza repeated their aid after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, with groups opening their offices to refugees and sending dozens of trucks with supplies to affected areas. For this reason, many yakuza regard their income and hustle (shinogi) as a collection of a feudal tax.

...The yakuza tend to be gentler than their Italian cousins. In general, they are not involved in theft, burglary, armed robbery, or other street crimes. — Jake Adelstein

Many yakuza syndicates, notably the Yamaguchi-gumi, officially forbid their members from engaging in drug trafficking, while some yakuza syndicates, notably the Dojin-kai, are heavily involved in it.

Some yakuza groups are known to deal extensively in human trafficking. The Philippines, for instance, is a source of young women. Yakuza trick girls from impoverished villages into coming to Japan, where they are promised respectable jobs with good wages. Instead, they are forced into becoming prostitutes and strippers.

The alleys and streets of Shinjuku are a popular modern Tokyo yakuza hangout.

Yakuza frequently engage in a unique form of Japanese extortion known as sōkaiya. In essence, this is a specialized form of protection racket. Instead of harassing small businesses, the yakuza harasses a stockholders' meeting of a larger corporation. They simply scare the ordinary stockholder with the presence of yakuza operatives, who obtain the right to attend the meeting by making a small purchase of stock.

Yakuza also have ties to the Japanese realty market and banking, through jiageya. Jiageya specialize in inducing holders of small real estate to sell their property so that estate companies can carry out much larger development plans. Japan's bubble economy of the 1980s is often blamed on real estate speculation by banking subsidiaries. After the collapse of the Japanese property bubble, a manager of a major bank in Nagoya was assassinated, and much speculation ensued about the banking industry's indirect connection to the Japanese underworld.

Yakuza often take part in local festivals such as Sanja Matsuri where they often carry the shrine through the streets proudly showing off their elaborate tattoos.

Yakuza have been known to make large investments in legitimate, mainstream companies. In 1989, Susumu Ishii, the Oyabun of the Inagawa-kai (a well known yakuza group) bought US$255 million worth of Tokyo Kyuko Electric Railway's stock. Japan's Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission has knowledge of more than 50 listed companies with ties to organized crime, and in March 2008, the Osaka Securities Exchange decided to review all listed companies and expel those with yakuza ties.

As a matter of principle, theft is not recognised as a legitimate activity of yakuza. This is in line with the idea that their activities are semi-open; theft by definition would be a covert activity. More importantly, such an act would be considered a trespass by the community. Also, yakuza usually do not conduct the actual business operation by themselves. Core business activities such as merchandising, loan sharking or management of gambling houses are typically managed by non-yakuza members who pay protection fees for their activities.

There is much evidence of yakuza involvement in international crime. There are many tattooed yakuza members imprisoned in various Asian prisons for such crimes as drug trafficking and arms smuggling. In 1997, one verified yakuza member was caught smuggling 4 kilograms (8.82 pounds) of heroin into Canada.

Prior to his death in 1980, former Italian-American Mafia member Mickey Zaffarano, who controlled pornography rackets across the United States for the Bonanno family, was overheard talking about the enormous profits from the pornography trade that both families could make together. Another yakuza racket is bringing women of other ethnicities/races, especially East European and Asian, to Japan under the lure of a glamorous position, then forcing the women into prostitution.

Because of their history as a legitimate feudal organization and their connection to the Japanese political system through the uyoku (extreme right-wing political groups), yakuza are somewhat a part of the Japanese establishment, with six fan magazines reporting on their activities. One study found that 1 in 10 adults under the age of 40 believed that the yakuza should be allowed to exist. In the 1980s in Fukuoka, a yakuza war spiraled out of control and civilians were hurt. It was a large conflict between the Yamaguchi-gumi and Dojin-kai, called the Yama-Michi War. The police stepped in and forced the yakuza bosses on both sides to declare a truce in public.

At various times, people in Japanese cities have launched anti-yakuza campaigns with mixed and varied success. In March 1995, the Japanese government passed the Act for Prevention of Unlawful Activities by Criminal Gang Members, which made traditional racketeering much more difficult. Beginning in 2009, led by agency chief Takaharu Ando, Japanese police began to crack down on the gangs. Kodo-kai chief Kiyoshi Takayama was arrested in late 2010. In December 2010, police arrested Yamaguchi-gumi's alleged number three leader, Tadashi Irie. According to the media, encouraged by tougher anti-yakuza laws and legislation, local governments and construction companies have begun to shun or ban yakuza activities or involvement in their communities or construction projects. The police are handicapped, however, by Japan's lack of an equivalent to plea bargaining, witness protection, or the United States' Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Laws were enacted in Osaka and Tokyo in 2010 and 2011 to try to combat yakuza influence by making it illegal for any business to do business with the yakuza.

Yakuza's aid in Tōhoku catastrophe

Following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011, the yakuza sent hundreds of trucks filled with food, water, blankets, and sanitary accessories to aid the people in the affected areas of the natural disaster. CNN México said that although the yakuza operates through extortion and other violent methods, they "[moved] swiftly and quietly to provide aid to those most in need." Such actions by the yakuza are a result of their knowing of what it is like to "fend for yourself," without any government aid or community support, because they are also considered "outcast" and "dropouts from society". In addition, the yakuza's code of honor (ninkyo) reportedly values justice and duty above anything else, and forbids allowing others to suffer.

United States

Yakuza activity in the United States is mostly relegated to Hawaii, but they have made their presence known in other parts of the country, especially in Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area, as well as Seattle, Las Vegas, Arizona, Virginia, Chicago, and New York City. The Yakuza are said to use Hawaii as a midway station between Japan and mainland America, smuggling methamphetamine into the country and smuggling firearms back to Japan. They easily fit into the local population, since many tourists from Japan and other Asian countries visit the islands on a regular basis, and there is a large population of residents who are of full or partial Japanese descent. They also work with local gangs, funneling Japanese tourists to gambling parlors and brothels.

In California, the Yakuza have made alliances with local Vietnamese and Korean gangs as well as Chinese triads, with Vietnamese as the most common alliance. The alliances with Vietnamese gangs dated back in the late 1980s, and most Vietnamese gangsters were used as muscle, as they had potential to become extremely violent as needed. (Yakuza saw the potential following the constant Vietnamese cafe shoot outs, and home invasion burglaries throughout the 1980s and early 1990s). In New York City, they appear to collect finders fees from Russian, Irish and Italian mafiosos and businessmen for guiding Japanese tourists to gambling establishments, both legal and illegal.

Handguns manufactured in the US account for a large share (33%) of handguns seized in Japan, followed by China (16%), and the Philippines (10%). In 1990, a Smith & Wesson .38 caliber revolver that cost $275 in the US could sell for up to $4,000 in Tokyo. By 1997 it would sell for only $500, due to the proliferation of guns in Japan during the 1990s.

The FBI suspects that the Yakuza use various operations to launder money in the U.S.

In 2001, the FBI's representative in Tokyo arranged for Tadamasa Goto, the head of the group Goto-gumi, to receive a liver transplant at the UCLA Medical Center in the United States, in return for information of Yamaguchi-gumi operations in the US. This was done without prior consultation of the NPA. The journalist who uncovered the deal received threats by Goto and was given police protection in the US and in Japan.

North Korea

In 2009, Yakuza member Yoshiaki Sawada was released in North Korea after spending 5 years in the country for attempting to bribe a North Korean official and smuggle drugs.

Constituent members

According to a 2006 speech by Mitsuhiro Suganuma, a former officer of the Public Security Intelligence Agency, around 60 percent of Yakuza members come from burakumin, the descendants of a feudal outcast class and approximately 30 percent of them are Japanese-born Koreans, and only 10 percent are from non-burakumin Japanese and Chinese ethnic groups.

Burakumin

The Burakumin are a group that is socially discriminated against in Japanese society, whose recorded history goes back to the Heian period in the 11th century. The burakumin are descendants of outcast communities of the pre-modern, especially the feudal era, mainly those with occupations considered tainted with death or ritual impurity, such as butchers, executioners, undertakers, or leather workers. They traditionally lived in their own secluded hamlets.

According to David E. Kaplan and Alec Dubro, burakumin account for about 70% of the members of Yamaguchi-gumi, the largest yakuza syndicate in Japan.

Ethnic Koreans

While ethnic Koreans make up only 0.5% of the Japanese population, they are a prominent part of yakuza, perhaps because they suffer severe discrimination in Japanese society alongside the burakumin. In the early 1990s, 18 of 90 top bosses of Inagawa-kai were ethnic Koreans. The Japanese National Police Agency suggested Koreans composed 10% of the yakuza proper and 70% of burakumin in the Yamaguchi-gumi. Some of the representatives of the designated Bōryokudan are also. The Korean significance had been an untouchable taboo in Japan and one of the reasons that the Japanese version of Kaplan and Dubro's Yakuza (1986) had not been published until 1991 with the deletion of Korean-related descriptions of the Yamaguchi-gumi.

Japanese-born people of Korean ancestry are considered resident aliens because of their nationality and are often shunned in legitimate trades, and are therefore embraced by the yakuza precisely because they fit the group's "outsider" image. Notable yakuza members of Korean ancestry include Hisayuki Machii, the founder of the Tosei-kai, Tokutaro Takayama, the president of the 4th-generation Aizukotetsu-kai, Jiro Kiyota, the president of the 5th-generation Inagawa-kai, Hirofumi Hashimoto, the head of the Kyokushinrengo-kai, and the bosses of the 6th / 7th Sakaume-gumi.

Indirect enforcement

Since 2011, regulations that made business with members illegal as well as enactments of Yakuza exclusion ordinances led to the group's membership decline from its 21st century peak. Methods include that which brought down Al Capone; checking the organization's finance. The Financial Services Agency ordered Mizuho Financial Group Inc. to improve compliance and that its top executives report by 28 October 2013 what they knew and when about a consumer-credit affiliate found making loans to crime groups. This adds pressure to the group from the U.S. as well where an executive order in 2011 required financial institutions to freeze yakuza assets. As of 2013, the U.S. Treasury Department has frozen about US$55,000 of yakuza holdings, including two Japan-issued American Express cards.

See also

• 893239 or Yakuza-Nijusan-Ku
• Bōsōzoku
• Crime in Japan
• Criminal tattoo
• Irezumi
• Kkangpae (Korean mafia)
• List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates
• Mafia
• Organized crime
• Punch perm
• Russian mafia
• Triads
• Yakuza exclusion ordinances

External links

• 101 East – Battling the Yakuza—Al Jazeera (Video)