ISO 639-3

ISO 639-3:2007, Kod perlambangan nama bahasa — Bahagian 3: Kod Alfa-3 untuk liputan tuntas bahasa, ialah piawai antarabangsa untuk kod bahasa dalam siri ISO 639. Ia memerikan kod tiga huruf bagi mengenal pasti bahasa. Piawai ini memperluas kod alfa-3 ISO 639-2 demi meliputi semua bahasa sejadi yang diketahui. ISO 639-3 diterbitkan pada 5 Februari 2007 dan bertujuan untuk pelbagai penggunaan, khususnya sistem komputer yang mendokong banyak bahasa. Ia memberikan hitungan bahasa dengan seberapa lengkap yang mungkin, baik bahasa moden mahupun bahasa pupus, bahasa kuno atau bahasa binaan, bahasa utama atau bahasa minor, serta bahasa tulisan mahupun yang bukan. Bagaimanapun, ISO 639-3 tidak merangkumi bahasa binaan semula seperti bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropah.

ISO 639-3 ialah superset kepada ISO 639-1 dan bahasa-bahasa individu dalam piawai ISO 639-2. ISO 639-1 dan ISO 639-2 menumpukan bahasa utama yang dilambangkan oleh seluruh kepustakaan dunia. Oleh sebab ISO 639-2 juga merangkumi kumpulan bahasa tetapi Bahagian 3 tidak, namun ISO 639-3 bukannya superset kepada ISO 639-2. Jika kod B dan T wujud dalam ISO 639-2, piawai ISO 639-3 akan menggunakan kod T.

Contoh:

Bahasa	639-1	639-2 (B/T)	Jenis	639-3
Inggeris	en	eng	individu	eng
Jerman	de	ger/deu	individu	deu
Arab	ar	ara	makro	ara: arb + banyak lagi
Minnan			individu	nan

The final standard contains 7589 entries. The inventory of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from the Ethnologue 15th edition, historic varieties, ancient languages and artificial languages from Anthony Aristar at the Linguist List as well as languages recommended within a public commenting period.

A transition from ISO 639-1 could be done with List of ISO 639-1 codes.

Ruang kod

Since the code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (4), a reserved range (520) and B-only codes (23), 547 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore a lower upper bound is 17576 − 547 = 17030.

The upper bound gets even lower if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and the ones yet to be defined in ISO 639-5.

Makrobahasa

Rencana utama: Makrobahasa ISO 639

There are 56 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be "macrolanguages" in ISO 639-3 .

Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by ISO 639-3 in the code set of ISO 639-2, e.g. 'ara' (Generic Arabic). Others like 'nor' (Norwegian) had their two individual parts ('nno' (Nynorsk), 'nob' (Bokmål)) already in ISO 639-2.

That means some languages (e.g. 'arb', Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ('ara') are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves.

This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia.

For example:

• http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ara (Generic Arabic, 639-2)
• http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=arb (Standard Arabic, 639-3)

See for the complete list.

Bahasa kolektif

Some ISO 639-2 codes that are commonly used for languages do not precisely represent a particular language or some related languages (as the above macrolanguages). They are regarded as collective languages (or collectives) and are excluded from ISO 639-3.

Lihat juga: ISO 639-2#Collective languages dan ISO 639-5

Penggunaan ISO 639-3

• lexical markup framework, ISO specification that recommend the usage
• Ethnologue, LinguistList,
• IETF language tag
• proposed as language TLD (lcTLD) [1] [2]

 

Pautan luar

• ISO 639-3 Registration Authority
• Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages
• explanation by Håvard Hjulstad