Komanwel Filipina

Komanwel Filipina

*Mancomunidad de las Filipinas*
*Commonwealth de Filipinas* (Sepanyol)^[1]^[2]
*Komonwelt ng Pilipinas* (Tagalog)^[3]
Komanwel Filipina; Mancomunidad de las Filipinas; Commonwealth de Filipinas (Sepanyol); Komonwelt ng Pilipinas (Tagalog);
1935–1942; Japanese occupation: 1942–45; 1945–1946
Flag of the United States (top); Flag of the Philippines (bottom)	Coat of arms
	Cogan kata: "E pluribus unum" (Latin)[petikan diperlukan] (de facto); "Out of many, one"; "Mula sa marami, isa" (Tagalog)
	Lagu kebangsaan: The Philippine Hymn; Fail:Philippine Hymn.ogg
	Location of the Philippines in Southeast Asia.
Status	Associated state and protectorate of the United States
Ibu negara	Manilaa
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Spanish; English;
Agama	Roman Katolik
Kerajaan	Presidential commonwealth
President
• 1935–44	Manuel L. Quezon
• 1944–46	Sergio Osmeña
• 1946	Manuel Roxas
High Commissioner
• 1935–37	Frank Murphy
• 1937–39	Paul V. McNutt
• 1939–42	Francis Bowes Sayre
• 1945–46	Paul V. McNutt
Vice President
• 1935–44	Sergio Osmeña
• 1946	Elpidio Quirino
Badan perundangan	National Assembly (1935–41); Congress (1945–46);
Era Sejarah	Interwar, World War II
• Tydings–McDuffie Act	November 15 1935
• Independence	July 4 1946
• Treaty of Manila	October 22, 1946
Keluasan
1939	343,385.1 km2 (132,581.7 bt2)
Penduduk
• 1939	16,000,303
Mata wang	Peso
Bahagian memandu	left (before 1945); right (after 1945)
Didahului oleh	Diganti oleh
	Insular Government
Philippine Executive Commission
Third Philippine Republic
Sekarang sebahagian dari	Filipina
	Capital held by enemy forces between 24 December 1941 and 27 February 1945. Temporary capitals were Corregidor Island from 24 December 1941;; Iloilo City from 22 February 1942;; Bacolod from 26 February;; Buenos Aires, Bago City from 27 February;; Oroquieta from 19 March;; Bukidnon from 23 March;; government-in-exile in Melbourne, Australia, in April;; government-in-exile in Washington, D.C., from May 1942 to October 1944;; Tacloban from 20 October 1944.; The Commonwealth government continued its existence as a government-in-exile in the United States during the Japanese Occupation and later as the Third Republic. In effect, there existed two Philippine governments during the Japanese occupation.; ;

Komanwel Filipina (Sepanyol: Mancomunidad de las Filipinascode: es is deprecated ;^[1] bahasa Filipina: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas) ialah badan pentadbiran yang memerintah Filipina dari tahun 1935 hingga 1946, selain daripada tempoh pengasingan dalam Perang Dunia Kedua dari 1942 hingga 1945 ketika Jepun menduduki negara itu. Ia menggantikan Pemerintah Insular dirangkumkan dalam pentadbiran wilayah negara Amerika Syarikat berikutan penubuhannya oleh Akta Tydings-McDuffie. Komanwel direka sebagai pentadbiran peralihan sebagai persediaan untuk pencapaian kemerdekaan negara penuh.^[9]

Selama lebih dari sedekad kewujudannya, Komanwel mempunyai badan eksekutif yang kuat dan suatu institusi Mahkamah Agung yang utuh. Badan perundangannya, yang dikuasai oleh Parti Nacionalista, pada mulanya tidak bersifat akademik, tetapi kemudiannya bikameral. Pada tahun 1937, badan pemerintahan ini memilih bahasa Tagalog—bahasa dipakai para penduduk kota Manila dan wilayah sekitarnya—sebagai asas bahasa kebangsaan, walaupun akan bertahun-tahun sebelum kegunaannya menjadi umum. Pilihanraya wanita telah diterima pakai dan ekonomi pulih ke tahap pra-Meleset sebelum pendudukan Jepun pada tahun 1942.

Kabinet Komanwel diusir pihak Jepun semasa serangan dilakukan ke atas kepulauan tersebut dari 1942 hingga 1945/ Pada tahun 1946, Komanwel berakhir dan Filipina mendakwa kedaulatan penuh seperti yang diperuntukkan dalam Perkara XVIII Perlembagaan 1935.^[10]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b "Official Ballot". Presidential Museum and Library. Dicapai pada 2017-07-12. Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas
^ Article XIV, Section 10, of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which reads "[t]his Constitution shall be officially promulgated in English and Spanish, but in case of conflict the English text shall prevail."
^ "Constitutional Law". Philconsa Yearbook. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965. Dicapai pada 26 September 2014.
"Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt". Bureau of Elementary Education. Department of Education. 2010. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 August 2016. Dicapai pada 26 September 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)
^ ^a ^b Mair, Christian (2003). The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. NL: Rodopi. m/s. 479–82. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. Dicapai pada 17 February 2011. 497 pp.
Roger M. Thompson (1 January 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. m/s. 27–29. ISBN 90-272-4891-5.
Christian Mair (1 January 2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. m/s. 480. ISBN 90-420-0876-8.
Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (23 February 2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer Science & Business Media. m/s. 68. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3.
^ Timeline 1930–1939, PH: St. Scholastica's College, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-04-05, dicapai pada 2019-03-16.
^ Gin Ooi 2004, m/s. 387.
^ Zaide 1994, m/s. 319.
^ Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935), "Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines", The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937, Santa Barbara: University of California, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.
^ Castro, Christi-Anne, Associate Professor University of Michigan (7 April 2011). Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation. U.S.: Oxford University Press. m/s. 204. ISBN 978-0-19-974640-8. Dicapai pada 3 July 2013.
^ "The 1935 Constitution". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-01-25. Dicapai pada 2019-03-16.

Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Philippine Legislature, 100 Years, Philippine Historical Association, New Day Publishers, 2000, ISBN 971-92245-0-9.
Agoncillo, Teodoro A; Guerrero, Milagros (1970), History of the Filipino People, Malaya Books, dicapai pada 2007-12-28
——— (2001), The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines 1941–1945, 1, Quezon City, PH: University of the Philippines Press, ISBN 978-971-542-274-1.
Dolan, Ronald E, penyunting (1991), "Economic Relations with the United States", Philippines: A Country Study, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, dicapai pada 2007-12-28.
Gin Ooi, Keat (2004), Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
Hayden, Joseph Ralston (1942), The Philippines, a Study in National Development, Macmillan, dicapai pada 2007-12-28.
Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990), Philippine History and Government, Phoenix, ISBN 971-06-1894-6, dicapai pada 2007-12-28.
Roces; Luna, Juan Luis Z Jr; Arcilla, Reynaldo (1986), RR Philippine almanac: book of facts, Ramon Roces y Pardo.
Seekins, Donald M (1991), "The Commonwealth", dalam Dolan, Ronald E (penyunting), Philippines: A Country Study, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, dicapai pada 2007-12-28.
Seekins, Donald M (1991b), "World War II", dalam Dolan, Ronald E (penyunting), Philippines: A Country Study, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, dicapai pada 2007-12-28.
Weir, Fraser (1998), "American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901–1941", A Centennial History of Philippine Independence, 1898–1998, dicapai pada 2007-12-28
Zaide, Sonia M (1994), The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations, ISBN 971-642-071-4.

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kalaw, Maximo, The Present Government of the Philippines (book), Filipiniana, detailing the functions of the different branches of the Philippine Commonwealth.
Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines, CA: House of David.
Philippines: Polity Style: 1897–2009, Archontology.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines, PH: Government, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-07-14, dicapai pada 2019-03-16.

[PML-1] "Official Ballot". Presidential Museum and Library. Dicapai pada 2017-07-12. Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas

[2] Article XIV, Section 10, of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which reads "[t]his Constitution shall be officially promulgated in English and Spanish, but in case of conflict the English text shall prevail."

[filname-3] "Constitutional Law". Philconsa Yearbook. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965. Dicapai pada 26 September 2014.
"Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt". Bureau of Elementary Education. Department of Education. 2010. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 August 2016. Dicapai pada 26 September 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (bantuan)

[OLs-4] Mair, Christian (2003). The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. NL: Rodopi. m/s. 479–82. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. Dicapai pada 17 February 2011. 497 pp.
Roger M. Thompson (1 January 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. m/s. 27–29. ISBN 90-272-4891-5.
Christian Mair (1 January 2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. m/s. 480. ISBN 90-420-0876-8.
Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (23 February 2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer Science & Business Media. m/s. 68. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3.

[InaugurationDate-5] Timeline 1930–1939, PH: St. Scholastica's College, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-04-05, dicapai pada 2019-03-16.

[FOOTNOTEGin_Ooi2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQKgraWbb7yoCpgPA387dq15november_387]-6] Gin Ooi 2004, m/s. 387.

[FOOTNOTEZaide1994319-7] Zaide 1994, m/s. 319.

[8] Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935), "Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines", The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937, Santa Barbara: University of California, This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.

[9] Castro, Christi-Anne, Associate Professor University of Michigan (7 April 2011). Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation. U.S.: Oxford University Press. m/s. 204. ISBN 978-0-19-974640-8. Dicapai pada 3 July 2013.

[Const_1935-10] "The 1935 Constitution". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-01-25. Dicapai pada 2019-03-16.

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