Perang Arab-Byzantine
Perang Arab-Byzantine adalah satu siri peperangan di antara khilafah Arab dan Rom Timur atau Empayar Byzantine yang berlaku antara kurun ke-7 sehingga ke-12. Peperangan ini bermula pada zaman awal penaklukan Islam di bawah pemerintahan khilafah Al-Rashidin dan Umayyah dan berterusan dalam bentuk perebutan sempadan yang berpanjangan sehingga permulaan Perang Salib. Akibatnya, Byzantine (Rom atau "Rûm" dalam penulisan sejarah Muslim), kehilangan wilayah yang besar.
Konflik awal berlangsung pada tahun 634 sehingga 718, dan tamat dengan Pengepungan kedua Arab ke atas Constantinople yang menghalang pengembangan pantas Empayar Arab ke Anatolia. Konflik bagaimanapun berterusan antara kurun ke-9 dan 1169. pendudukan di wilayah selatan Itali oleh tentera Abbasiyyah pada kurun ke-9 dan 10 tidak seperti kejayaan di Sicily. Walaubagaimanapun, di bawah dinasti Macedonia, Byzantine telah menawan semula wilayah di Levant dengan kemaraan tentera Byzantine malah mengancam untuk mengambil semula Jerusalem di selatan. Emiriah dari Aleppo dan kejirannya menjadi naungan Byzantine di sebelah timur, di mana ancaman terbesar adalah kerajaan Fatimiyyah dari Mesir, sehingga kebangkitan dinasti Seljuk mengundurkan kesemua manfaat dan menolak wilayah Abbasiyyah jauh ke dalam Anatolia. Ini mengakibatkan maharaja Byzantine Alexius I Comnenus' putus asa dan memohon bantuan ketenteraan dari Paus Urban II di Majlis Piacenza; salah satu peristiwa yang menjadi pencetus kepada Perang Salib Pertama.
Isi kandungan |
Nota [sunting]
Rujukan [sunting]
Sumber utama [sunting]
- Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri. Futuh al-Buldan. See a translated excerpt ("The Battle of Yarmouk and after") in Medieval Sources.
- Michael the Syrian (1899) (dalam Bahasa French [volumes I, II, III], in Syriac [Volume IV]). Chronique de Michel le Syrien Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche (translated by J.–B. Chabot). Paris.
- Theophanes the Confessor. Chronicle. See original text in Documenta Catholica Omnia (PDF).
- Zonaras, Joannes, Annales. See the original text in Patrologia Graeca.
Sumber kedua [sunting]
- Baynes, Norman H. (1912). "The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem". The English Historical Review 27 (106): 287–299. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287.
- Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994), The end of the jihâd state: the reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-791418277, http://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0Yy053WS4C
- Butler, Alfred J. (2007). The Arab Conquest of Egypt – And the Last Thirty Years of the Roman. Read Books. ISBN 1-406-75238-X. http://books.google.com/?id=1nvvDMWN-iEC&dq=Heraclius,+battle+of+Tabuk.
- El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium viewed by the Arabs. Harvard Center of Middle Eastern Studies. ISBN 978-0932885302.
- Davies, Norman (1996). "The Birth of Europe". Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-198-20171-0. http://books.google.com/?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&dq=Cyprus,+643,+Arabs.
- Foss, Clive (1975). "The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity". The English Historical Review 90: 721–47. doi:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721.
- Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14687-9. http://books.google.com/?id=zoZIxpQ8A2IC&dq=Eternal+Peace,+Justinian,+Kavadh.
- Haldon, John (1997). "The East Roman World: the Politics of Survival". Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-31917-X. http://books.google.com/?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C&dq=Rhodes,+Arab,+655.
- Haldon, John F. (1999). "The Army at Wars: Campaigns". Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565-1204. Routledge. ISBN 1-8572-8494-1. http://books.google.com/?id=-R0G0Enf58AC&dq=Haldon,+Warfare,+Byzantine+Society.
- Howard-Johnston, James (2006). East Rome, Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity: Historiographical And Historical Studies. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-860-78992-6. http://books.google.com/?id=1U4rUaLdYnQC&dq=Howard-Johnston,+East+Rome,+Sasanian+Persia+and+the+End+of+Antiquity.
- Kaegi, Walter Emil (1995). Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-5214-8455-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=IvPVEb17uzkC.
- Kennedy, Hugh (1970). "Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia". In Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32591-9. http://books.google.com/?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&dq=muslim+conquest+of+Antioch.
- Kennedy, Hugh (1998). "Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868". In Daly, M.W.; Petry, Calf. F.. The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47137-0. http://books.google.com/?id=2GD6og3c15IC&dq=muslim+conquest+of+Egypt.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2006). "Antioch: from Byzantium to Islam". The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. ISBN 0-754-65909-7. http://books.google.com/?id=XdFqgSBTYeYC&dq=muslim+conquest+of+Antioch.
- Liska, George (1998). "Projection contra Prediction: Alternative Futures and Options". Expanding Realism: The Historical Dimension of World Politics. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-847-68680-9. http://books.google.com/?id=oaPlJgAACAAJ&dq=Liska,+Expanding+Realism.
- "Muhammad". Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. (1999). Ed. Warren Bowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Robert Lamont Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg. Harvard University Press.
- Nicolle, Davis (1994). Yarmuk AD 636. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-855-32414-8. http://books.google.com/?id=IR9rNAai2koC&dq=muslim+conquest+of+Syria.
- Norwich, John Julius (1990). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140114478.
- Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-9004151970
- Read, Piers Paul (2001). The Templars. Phoenix Press, Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 0-75381-087-5.
- Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34770-X.
- Sahas, Daniel J. (1972). "Historical Considerations". John of Damascus on Islam. BRILL. ISBN 9-004-03495-1. http://books.google.com/?id=pYSl_cyYHssC&dq=Baladhuri,+Heraclius,+Antioch.
- Speck, Paul (1984). "Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance". Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4). Rudolf Halbelt. m/s. 175–210.
- Stathakopoulos, Dionysios (2004). Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-3021-8.
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-804-72630-2. http://books.google.com/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC&dq=Gregory,+Arab,+Exarchate,+Gennadius.
Bacaan lanjut [sunting]
- Kennedy, Hugh N. (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: military and society in the early Islamic state. Routledge. ISBN 0-4152-5092-7.
- Kennedy, Hugh N. (2006). The Byzantine And Early Islamic Near East. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-5909-7.