Dioscorea

Dioscorea
	Dioscorea balcanica.
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Plantae
Klad:	Trakeofit
Klad:	Angiosperma
Klad:	Monokot
Order:	Dioscoreales
Keluarga:	Dioscoreaceae
Genus:	Dioscorea; L.
Ceraian
	Botryosicyos; Combilium; Enantiophyllum; Lasiophyton; Macroura Macrourae; ; Macrogynodium; Opsophyton Euopsophyton; ; Shannicorea; Stenophora; (Bukan semua disokong oleh analisis molekul. Lihat pertanyaan Tropicos berikut untuk lanjutan)
Sinonim
	Tamus L.; Ricophora Mill.; Tamnus Mill.; Oncus Lour.; Ubium J.F.Gmel.; Oncorhiza Pers.; Testudinaria Salisb. ex Burch.; Rhizemys Raf.; Botryosicyos Hochst.; Helmia Kunth; Sismondaea Delponte; Epipetrum Phil.; Borderea Miégev.; Elephantodon Salisb.; Hamatris Salisb.; Merione Salisb.; Polynome Salisb.; Strophis Salisb.; Higinbothamia Uline; Nanarepenta Matuda; Hyperocarpa (Uline) G.M.Barroso, E.F.Guim. & Sucre;

Dioscorea ialah genus lebih 600 spesies tumbuhan berbunga dalam keluarga Dioscoreaceae yang tempatan dari seluruh kawasan tropika dan berhawa panas dunia. Sebahagian besar spesiesnya tropika, dengan hanya beberapa spesies menganjur ke kawasan berhawa sedang.^[2]^[3]^[4] Ia telah dinamakan oleh biarawan Charles Plumier sempena pakar perubatan dan tumbuhan Yunani, Dioscorides.

Penerangan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea (atau amnya disebut "gadung"^[a]) ialah pepanjat liar yang berdaun luruh dan bak herba. Spesiesnya tempatan dari Asia, tapi di A.S., ia sering ditemukan di Florida. Ia mampu tumbuh lebih 18 meter (60 kaki) panjang.^[5] Gadung ini tanaman penting, dan dipakai untuk merawat senggugut, kejang perut dan sakit-sakit sejak berabad-abad. Dalam 1950-an, saintis temukan yang akar gadung ini mengandungi diosgenin iaitu estrogen berdasarkan tumbuhan; ia diandaikan membantu dalam pertahanan kimia melawan pemaun.^[b] Ia telah dipakai untuk mencipta pil pencegah kehamilan julung dalam tahun-tahun 60-an.^[6] Tambahan lagi, beberapa spesies Dioscorea kaya dengan nutrien dan pengantioksida. Ia bermanfaat di kawasan pedalaman dari mana ia datang lantaran ia mengayakan pemakanan orang di kawasan tersebut.^[7] Tumbuhan ini tumbuh subur berdekatan celahan sudur di hutan jarang dan hutan hujan. Dioscorea berkelakuan memanjat dan sesuai tumbuh di pediaman tropika lantaran ia tumbuh di bawah sudur dan harus menempel pada permukaan lain untuk tumbuh tegak dan mendapatkan cahaya.^[8]

Spesies diterima[sunting | sunting sumber]

Genus ini mengandungi spesies berikut:^[9]

Hauman

Dioscorea morelosana (Uline) Matuda
Dioscorea moritziana (Kunth) R.Knuth
Dioscorea mosqueirensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea moyobambensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea mucronata Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea multiflora Mart. ex Griseb.
Dioscorea multiloba Kunth
Dioscorea multinervis Benth.
Dioscorea mundii Baker

N[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea nako H.Perrier
Dioscorea namorokensis Wilkin
Dioscorea nana Poepp.
Dioscorea nanlaensis H.Li
Dioscorea natalia Hammel
Dioscorea neblinensis Maguire & Steyerm.
Dioscorea nelsonii Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea nematodes Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea nervata R.Knuth
Dioscorea nervosa Phil.
Dioscorea nicolasensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea nieuwenhuisii Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea nipensis R.A.Howard
Dioscorea nipponica Makino
Dioscorea nitens Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea nuda R.Knuth
Dioscorea nummularia Lam. – ubi upas
Dioscorea nutans R.Knuth

O[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea oaxacensis Uline
Dioscorea obcuneata Hook.f.
Dioscorea oblonga Gleason
Dioscorea oblongifolia Rusby
Dioscorea obtusifolia Hook. & Arn.
Dioscorea olfersiana Klotzsch ex Griseb.
Dioscorea oligophylla Phil.
Dioscorea omiltemensis O.Téllez
Dioscorea opaca R.Knuth
Dioscorea oppositiflora Griseb.
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. – ubi kelona, akar kelana
Dioscorea orangeana Wilkin^[10]
Dioscorea orbiculata Hook.f. – ubi takub, takup
Dioscorea oreodoxa B.G.Schub.
Dioscorea organensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea orientalis (J.Thiébaut) Caddick & Wilkin
Dioscorea orizabensis Uline
Dioscorea orthogoneura Uline ex Hochr.
Dioscorea oryzetorum Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea ovalifolia R.Knuth
Dioscorea ovata Vell.
Dioscorea ovinala Baker

P[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea palawana Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea paleata Burkill
Dioscorea pallens Schltdl.
Dioscorea pallidinervia R.Knuth
Dioscorea palmeri R.Knuth
Dioscorea panamensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea panthaica Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea pantojensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea paradoxa Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea pavonii Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea pedalis (Uline ex R.Knuth) R.Couto & J.M.A.Braga
Dioscorea pedicellata Phil.
Dioscorea pencana Phil.
Dioscorea pendula Poepp. ex Kunth
Dioscorea pennellii R.Knuth
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. – ubi pasir, ubi ciabet, ubi sabut
Dioscorea peperoides Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea perdicum Taub.
Dioscorea perenensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea petelotii Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea philippiana Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea piauhyensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea pierrei Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea pilcomayensis Hauman
Dioscorea pilgeriana R.Knuth
Dioscorea pilifera (Urb.) Raz
Dioscorea pilosiuscula Bertero ex Spreng.
Dioscorea pinedensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Dioscorea piscatorum Prain & Burkill – ubi tuba (tuba ubi)
Dioscorea pittieri R.Knuth
Dioscorea planistipulosa Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea plantaginifolia R.Knuth
Dioscorea platycarpa Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea platycolpota Uline ex B.L.Rob.
Dioscorea plumifera C.B.Rob.
Dioscorea pohlii Griseb.
Dioscorea poilanei Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea polyclades Hook.f.
Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. – ubi cina
Dioscorea pomeroonensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea porulosa (R.Knuth) Raz
Dioscorea potarensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea praehensilis Benth.
Dioscorea prainiana R.Knuth – ubi kelonak, kelana
Dioscorea prazeri Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea preslii Steud.
Dioscorea preussii Pax
Dioscorea pringlei C.B.Rob.
Dioscorea proteiformis H.Perrier
Dioscorea psammophila R.Knuth
Dioscorea pseudocleistogama Raz & J.Pérez
Dioscorea pseudojaponica Hayata
Dioscorea pseudomacrocapsa G.M.Barroso, E.F.Guim. & Sucre
Dioscorea pseudorajanioides R.Knuth
Dioscorea pseudotomentosa Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea psilostachya (Kunth) Raz
Dioscorea pteropoda Boivin ex H.Perrier
Dioscorea pubera Blume
Dioscorea pubescens Poir.
Dioscorea pumicicola Uline
Dioscorea pumilio Griseb.
Dioscorea puncticulata R.Knuth
Dioscorea purdiei R.Knuth
Dioscorea putisensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea putumayensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea pynaertii De Wild.
Dioscorea pyrenaica Bubani & Bordère ex Gren.
Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth – akar kemenyan hantu, gelonoh

Q[sunting | sunting sumber]

R[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea racemosa (Klotzsch) Uline
Dioscorea raziae Greuter & J.Pérez
Dioscorea regnellii Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea remota C.V.Morton
Dioscorea remotiflora Kunth
Dioscorea reticulata Gay
Dioscorea retusa Mast.
Dioscorea reversiflora Uline
Dioscorea richardhowardii Raz
Dioscorea ridleyi Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea riedelii R.Knuth
Dioscorea rimbachii R.Knuth
Dioscorea rockii Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea rosei R.Knuth
Dioscorea rumicoides Griseb.
Dioscorea rupicola Kunth
Dioscorea rusbyi Uline

S[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea sabarensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sagittata Poir.
Dioscorea sagittifolia Pax
Dioscorea salicifolia Blume
Dioscorea salvadorensis Standl.
Dioscorea sambiranensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sanchez-colini Matuda
Dioscorea sandiensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sandwithii B.G.Schub.
Dioscorea sanpaulensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax – ubi Zanzibar
Dioscorea santanderensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea santosensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sarasinii Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea saxatilis Poepp.
Dioscorea scabra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Dioscorea schimperiana Hochst. ex Kunth
Dioscorea schubertiae Ayala
Dioscorea schunkei Ayala & T.Clayton
Dioscorea schwackei Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea scorpioidea C.Wright
Dioscorea scortechinii Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea secunda R.Knuth
Dioscorea sellowiana Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea semperflorens Uline
Dioscorea septemloba Thunb.
Dioscorea septemnervis Vell.
Dioscorea sericea R.Knuth
Dioscorea seriflora Jum. & H.Perrier
Dioscorea serpenticola Hoque & P.K.Mukh.
Dioscorea sessiliflora McVaugh
Dioscorea sexrimata Burkill
Dioscorea simulans Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea sincorensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sinoparviflora C.T.Ting, M.G.Gilbert & Turland
Dioscorea sinuata Vell.
Dioscorea sitamiana Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea skottsbergii R.Knuth
Dioscorea smilacifolia De Wild. & T.Durand
Dioscorea sonlaensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sororopana Steyerm.
Dioscorea soso Jum. & H.Perrier
Dioscorea spectabilis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sphaeroidea R.Couto & J.M.A.Braga
Dioscorea spicata Roth
Dioscorea spiculiflora Hemsl.
Dioscorea spongiosa J.Q.Xi, M.Mizuno & W.L.Zhao
Dioscorea sprucei Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea standleyi C.V.Morton
Dioscorea stegelmanniana R.Knuth
Dioscorea stellaris R.Knuth
Dioscorea stemonoides Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea stenocolpus Phil.
Dioscorea stenomeriflora Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea stenopetala Hauman
Dioscorea stenophylla Uline
Dioscorea sterilis O.Weber & Wilkin
Dioscorea stipulosa Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea subcalva Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea subhastata Vell.
Dioscorea sublignosa R.Knuth
Dioscorea subnigra R.Knuth
Dioscorea subtomentosa Miranda
Dioscorea sumatrana Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea sumiderensis B.G.Schub. & O.Téllez
Dioscorea suratensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl.
Dioscorea synandra Uline
Dioscorea syringifolia (Kunth) Kunth & R.H.Schomb. ex R.Knuth

T[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea tabatae Hatus. ex Yamashita & M.N.Tamura
Dioscorea tacanensis Lundell
Dioscorea tamarisciflora Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea tamoidea Griseb.
Dioscorea tamshiyacuensis Ayala
Dioscorea tancitarensis Matuda
Dioscorea tarijensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea tarmensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea tauriglossum R.Knuth
Dioscorea tayacajensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea temascaltepecensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea tenebrosa C.V.Morton
Dioscorea tenella Phil.
Dioscorea tentaculigera Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea tenuifolia Ridl.
Dioscorea tenuipes Franch. & Sav.
Dioscorea tenuiphyllum R.Knuth
Dioscorea tenuis R.Knuth
Dioscorea ternata Griseb.
Dioscorea theresensis (Uline ex R.Knuth) Raz
Dioscorea therezopolensis Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea togoensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea tokoro Makino ex Miyabe
Dioscorea toldosensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea tomentosa J.Koenig ex Spreng.
Dioscorea torticaulis R.Knuth
Dioscorea trachyandra Griseb.
Dioscorea trachycarpa Kunth
Dioscorea traillii R.Knuth
Dioscorea transversa R.Br. – ubi pensel
Dioscorea triandria Sessé & Moc.
Dioscorea trichantha Baker
Dioscorea trichanthera Gleason
Dioscorea trifida L.f.
Dioscorea trifoliata Kunth
Dioscorea trifurcata Hauman
Dioscorea trilinguis Griseb.
Dioscorea trimenii Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea trinervia Roxb. ex Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea trisecta Griseb.
Dioscorea trollii R.Knuth
Dioscorea truncata Miq.
Dioscorea tsaratananensis H.Perrier
Dioscorea tubiperianthia Matuda
Dioscorea tubuliflora Uline ex R.Knuth
Dioscorea tubulosa Griseb.

U[sunting | sunting sumber]

V[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea valdiviensis R.Knuth
Dioscorea vanvuurenii Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea variifolia Bertero
Dioscorea velutipes Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea vexans Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea vilis Kunth
Dioscorea villosa L. – ubi kuning
Dioscorea volckmannii Phil.

W[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea wallichii Hook.f.
Dioscorea warburgiana Uline ex Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea warmingii R.Knuth
Dioscorea wattii Prain & Burkill
Dioscorea weberbaueri R.Knuth
Dioscorea widgrenii R.Knuth
Dioscorea wightii Hook.f.
Dioscorea wittiana R.Knuth
Dioscorea wrightii Uline ex R.Knuth

X[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea xizangensis C.T.Ting

Y[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea yunnanensis Prain & Burkill

Z[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dioscorea zentaroana Koidz.
Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright

Genus berkaitannya iaitu Tamus dimasukkan dalam Dioscorea oleh beberapa sumber,^[11] namun dikekalkan berasingan oleh sumber lain.^[12] Untuk Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin, lihat Tamus communis.

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Amorphophallus, genus tumbuhan berumbi.
Colocasia, genus talas dan ubi keladi.
Senarai ubi

Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Kebanyakan tumbuhan dalam genus ini disebut "gadung", sedangkan "ubi" pula mempunyai takrifan yang lebih luas.
^ Diosgenin ini bertindak sebagai bahan kimia yang mencegah pokok daripada dimakan oleh binatang.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Couto, Ricardo S; Martins, Aline C; Bolson, Mônica; Lopes, Rosana C; Smidt, Eric C; Braga, João Marcelo A (28 September 2018). "Time calibrated tree of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) indicates four origins of yams in the Neotropics since the Eocene". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (2): 144–160. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy052.
^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2017-01-23.
^ Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2007). World Checklist of Dioscoreales. Yams and their allies: 1-65. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ Wilkin, P. & Thapyai, C. (2009). Flora of Thailand 10(1): 1-140. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
^ "This is my first test on FB". MISIN (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-05-31.
^ "Wild yam Information | Mount Sinai - New York". Mount Sinai Health System (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-05-31.
^ Kumar, Sanjeet; Das, Gitishree; Shin, Han-Seung; Patra, Jayanta Kumar (2017). "Dioscorea spp. (A Wild Edible Tuber): A Study on Its Ethnopharmacological Potential and Traditional Use by the Local People of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 52. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00052. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 5306286. PMID 28261094.
^ "Dioscorea spp". www.fs.fed.us. Dicapai pada 2022-05-31.
^ POWO (2022). "Dioscorea". Plants of the World Online. Taman Botani Diraja, Kew. Dicapai pada 2022-07-18.
^ Wilkin, Paul; Annette Hladik; Odile Weber; Claude Marcel Hladik; Vololoniana Jeannoda (September 2009). "Dioscorea orangeana (Dioscoreaceae), a new and threatened species of edible yam from northern Madagascar" (PDF). Kew Bulletin. 64 (3): 461–468. doi:10.1007/s12225-009-9126-2. ISSN 1874-933X. S2CID 43183514.
^ "Tamus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Dicapai pada 2011-05-28.
^ Stace, Clive (2010), New Flora of the British Isles (ed. 3rd), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5, p. 854

[5] Kebanyakan tumbuhan dalam genus ini disebut "gadung", sedangkan "ubi" pula mempunyai takrifan yang lebih luas.

[7] Diosgenin ini bertindak sebagai bahan kimia yang mencegah pokok daripada dimakan oleh binatang.

[1] Couto, Ricardo S; Martins, Aline C; Bolson, Mônica; Lopes, Rosana C; Smidt, Eric C; Braga, João Marcelo A (28 September 2018). "Time calibrated tree of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) indicates four origins of yams in the Neotropics since the Eocene". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (2): 144–160. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy052.

[amber-2] "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2017-01-23.

[3] Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2007). World Checklist of Dioscoreales. Yams and their allies: 1-65. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

[4] Wilkin, P. & Thapyai, C. (2009). Flora of Thailand 10(1): 1-140. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.

[6] "This is my first test on FB". MISIN (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-05-31.

[8] "Wild yam Information | Mount Sinai - New York". Mount Sinai Health System (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2022-05-31.

[9] Kumar, Sanjeet; Das, Gitishree; Shin, Han-Seung; Patra, Jayanta Kumar (2017). "Dioscorea spp. (A Wild Edible Tuber): A Study on Its Ethnopharmacological Potential and Traditional Use by the Local People of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, India". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 52. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00052. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 5306286. PMID 28261094.

[10] "Dioscorea spp". www.fs.fed.us. Dicapai pada 2022-05-31.

[11] POWO (2022). "Dioscorea". Plants of the World Online. Taman Botani Diraja, Kew. Dicapai pada 2022-07-18.

[12] Wilkin, Paul; Annette Hladik; Odile Weber; Claude Marcel Hladik; Vololoniana Jeannoda (September 2009). "Dioscorea orangeana (Dioscoreaceae), a new and threatened species of edible yam from northern Madagascar" (PDF). Kew Bulletin. 64 (3): 461–468. doi:10.1007/s12225-009-9126-2. ISSN 1874-933X. S2CID 43183514.

[13] "Tamus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Dicapai pada 2011-05-28.

[Stace2010-14] Stace, Clive (2010), New Flora of the British Isles (ed. 3rd), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5, p. 854

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[a]

[5]

[b]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

Dioscorea

Dioscorea balcanica.
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Plantae
Klad:	Trakeofit
Klad:	Angiosperma
Klad:	Monokot
Order:	Dioscoreales
Keluarga:	Dioscoreaceae
Genus:	Dioscorea L.
Ceraian
Botryosicyos Combilium Enantiophyllum Lasiophyton Macroura Macrourae Macrogynodium Opsophyton Euopsophyton Shannicorea Stenophora (Bukan semua disokong oleh analisis molekul.^[1] Lihat pertanyaan Tropicos berikut untuk lanjutan)
Sinonim
Tamus L. Ricophora Mill. Tamnus Mill. Oncus Lour. Ubium J.F.Gmel. Oncorhiza Pers. Testudinaria Salisb. ex Burch. Rhizemys Raf. Botryosicyos Hochst. Helmia Kunth Sismondaea Delponte Epipetrum Phil. Borderea Miégev. Elephantodon Salisb. Hamatris Salisb. Merione Salisb. Polynome Salisb. Strophis Salisb. Higinbothamia Uline Nanarepenta Matuda Hyperocarpa (Uline) G.M.Barroso, E.F.Guim. & Sucre

Penerangan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Spesies diterima[sunting | sunting sumber]

A[sunting | sunting sumber]

B[sunting | sunting sumber]

C[sunting | sunting sumber]

D[sunting | sunting sumber]

E[sunting | sunting sumber]

F[sunting | sunting sumber]

G[sunting | sunting sumber]

H[sunting | sunting sumber]

I[sunting | sunting sumber]

J[sunting | sunting sumber]

K[sunting | sunting sumber]

L[sunting | sunting sumber]

M[sunting | sunting sumber]