Ketinggian presiden dan calon presiden Amerika Syarikat

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Presiden telah meningkat lebih tinggi dari masa ke masa seperti yang ditunjukkan menggunakan anggaran tren linear.

Rekod ketinggian presiden Amerika Syarikat dan calon presiden amat berguna untuk menilai peranan apa, jika ada, ketinggian yang diutamakan dalam pilihan raya presiden. Sesetengah pemerhati telah menyatakan bahawa calon lebih tinggi daripada dua parti utama cenderung diguna pakai dan berhujah ini adalah kerana keutamaan orang ramai untuk calon yang lebih tinggi.[1]

Presiden dengan ketinggian paling tinggi ialah Abraham Lincoln pada ukuran 6 kaki 4 inci (193 cm). Manakala, presiden dengan ketinggian paling pendek ialah James Madison pada ukuran 5 kaki 4 inci (163 cm).

Donald Trump, presiden terkini, adalah 6 kaki 3 inci (191 cm)[2] menurut ringkasan pemeriksaan fizikal rasmi pada tahun 2018 walaupun kad pendaftaran Perkhidmatan Terpilih 1964 menyatakan beliau adalah kira-kira 6 kaki 2 inci (188 cm).[3] Mike Pence, naib presiden terkini, adalah 5 kaki 10 inci (178 cm).[4]

Joe Biden, presiden terpilih terkini, adalah 5 kaki 11½ inci (182 cm) menurut ringkasan laporan pemeriksaan fizikal pada Disember 2019.[5]

Rekod ukuran ketinggian Presiden A.S. mengikut kedudukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Abraham Lincoln pada ketinggian 6 kaki 4 inci (193 cm).
James Madison pada ketinggian 5 kaki 4 inci (163 cm).
Ked. Bil. Presiden Tinggi (inci) Tinggi (cm) Ruj.
1 16 Abraham Lincoln 6 ka 4 in 193 cm [6]
2 36 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 ka 3 1⁄2 in 192 cm [7][8][9]
3 3 Thomas Jefferson 6 ka 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm [10][11]
4 1 George Washington 6 ka 2 in 188 cm [12][13]
21 Chester A. Arthur 6 ka 2 in 188 cm [10]
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ka 2 in 188 cm [10]
41 George H. W. Bush 6 ka 2 in 188 cm [10][14]
42 Bill Clinton 6 ka 2 in 188 cm [10][14][15][16][17][18]
45 Donald Trump 6 ka 2 in 188 cm [3]
10 44 Barack Obama 6 ka 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm [19]
11 7 Andrew Jackson 6 ka 1 in 185 cm [10][20]
35 John F. Kennedy 6 ka 1 in 185 cm [21]
40 Ronald Reagan 6 ka 1 in 185 cm [10]
14 5 James Monroe 6 ka 0 in 183 cm [10][22]
10 John Tyler 6 ka 0 in 183 cm [10]
15 James Buchanan 6 ka 0 in 183 cm [10]
20 James A. Garfield 6 ka 0 in 183 cm [10]
29 Warren G. Harding 6 ka 0 in 183 cm [10]
38 Gerald Ford 6 ka 0 in 183 cm [10][23]
20 27 William Howard Taft 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [24]
31 Herbert Hoover 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [25]
37 Richard Nixon 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [10][23]
43 George W. Bush 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [18][26][27][28]
24 22, 24 Grover Cleveland 5 ka 11 in 180 cm [10]
28 Woodrow Wilson 5 ka 11 in 180 cm [10][29]
26 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ka 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm [10]
27 14 Franklin Pierce 5 ka 10 in 178 cm [10]
17 Andrew Johnson 5 ka 10 in 178 cm [10]
26 Theodore Roosevelt 5 ka 10 in 178 cm [10][22]
30 Calvin Coolidge 5 ka 10 in 178 cm [10]
31 39 Jimmy Carter 5 ka 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm [10][23]
32 13 Millard Fillmore 5 ka 9 in 175 cm [10]
33 Harry S. Truman 5 ka 9 in 175 cm [10]
34 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 5 ka 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm [10][30]
35 9 William Henry Harrison 5 ka 8 in 173 cm [10]
11 James K. Polk 5 ka 8 in 173 cm [10][31]
12 Zachary Taylor 5 ka 8 in 173 cm [10][22]
18 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ka 8 in 173 cm [32]
39 6 John Quincy Adams 5 ka 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm [33]
40 2 John Adams 5 ka 7 in 170 cm [10][34]
25 William McKinley 5 ka 7 in 170 cm [10]
42 8 Martin Van Buren 5 ka 6 in 168 cm [35]
23 Benjamin Harrison 5 ka 6 in 168 cm [36]
44 4 James Madison 5 ka 4 in 163 cm [10][37]

Jadual perbandingan ketinggian calon presiden Amerika Syarikat[sunting | sunting sumber]

  Calon lebih tinggi dipilih    Calon lebih pendek dipilih 
  Pemenang dan lawan sama tinggi   Perbandingan data tiada 
Pilihan raya Pemenang
dalam Kolej Elektoral		 Tinggi Lawan utama
semasa pilihan raya		 Tinggi Beza
2020 Joe Biden[5] 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Donald Trump 6 ka 2 in 188 cm 2½ in 6 cm
2016 Donald Trump 6 ka 2 in 188 cm Hillary Clinton[38] 5 ka 7 in 170 cm 7 in 18 cm
2012 Barack Obama 6 ka 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm Mitt Romney[39] 6 ka 2 in 188 cm ½ in 1 cm
2008 Barack Obama 6 ka 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm John McCain[40] 5 ka 9 in 175 cm 4½ in 12 cm
2004 George W. Bush 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm John Kerry[23] 6 ka 4 in 193 cm 4½ in 11 cm
2000 George W. Bush 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Al Gore[14][41] 6 ka 1 in 185 cm 1½ in 3 cm
1996 Bill Clinton 6 ka 2 in 188 cm Bob Dole[42] 6 ka 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm ½ in 1 cm
1992 Bill Clinton 6 ka 2 in 188 cm George H. W. Bush 6 ka 2 in 188 cm 0 in 0 cm
1988 George H. W. Bush 6 ka 2 in 188 cm Michael Dukakis[43] 5 ka 8 in 173 cm 6 in 15 cm
1984 Ronald Reagan 6 ka 1 in 185 cm Walter Mondale[14] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 2 in 5 cm
1980 Ronald Reagan 6 ka 1 in 185 cm Jimmy Carter 5 ka 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm 3½ in 8 cm
1976 Jimmy Carter 5 ka 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm Gerald Ford 6 ka 0 in 183 cm 2½ in 6 cm
1972 Richard Nixon 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm George McGovern[23][44] 6 ka 1 in 185 cm 1½ in 3 cm
1968 Richard Nixon 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Hubert Humphrey[44] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 ka 3 1⁄2 in 192 cm Barry Goldwater[44] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 4½ in 12 cm
1960 John F. Kennedy 6 ka 1 in 185 cm Richard Nixon 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm 1½ in 3 cm
1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ka 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm Adlai Stevenson II[44] 5 ka 10 in 178 cm ½ in 1 cm
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ka 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm Adlai Stevenson II 5 ka 10 in 178 cm ½ in 1 cm
1948 Harry S. Truman 5 ka 9 in 175 cm Thomas Dewey[43][44] 5 ka 8 in 173 cm 1 in 2 cm
1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ka 2 in 188 cm Thomas Dewey 5 ka 8 in 173 cm 6 in 15 cm
1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ka 2 in 188 cm Wendell Willkie[44][45] 6 ka 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm ½ in 1 cm
1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ka 2 in 188 cm Alfred Landon[44] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 3 in 8 cm
1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ka 2 in 188 cm Herbert Hoover 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm 2½ in 6 cm
1928 Herbert Hoover 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Al Smith[44] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm
1924 Calvin Coolidge 5 ka 10 in 178 cm John W. Davis[44] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 1 in 2 cm
1920 Warren G. Harding 6 ka 0 in 183 cm James M. Cox[46] 5 ka 6 in 168 cm 6 in 15 cm
1916 Woodrow Wilson 5 ka 11 in 180 cm Charles Evans Hughes[44] 5 ka 10 in 178 cm 1 in 2 cm
1912 Woodrow Wilson 5 ka 11 in 180 cm William Howard Taft
Theodore Roosevelt		 5 ft 11 ​1⁄2 in
5 ft 10 in		 182 cm
178 cm		 ½ in
1 in		 2 cm
2 cm
1908 William Howard Taft 5 ka 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm William Jennings Bryan[47][48][49][50] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm
1904 Theodore Roosevelt 5 ka 10 in 178 cm Alton B. Parker[44] 5 ka 9 in 175 cm 1 in 3 cm
1900 William McKinley 5 ka 7 in 170 cm William Jennings Bryan 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 4 in 10 cm
1896 William McKinley 5 ka 7 in 170 cm William Jennings Bryan 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 4 in 10 cm
1892 Grover Cleveland 5 ka 11 in 180 cm Benjamin Harrison 5 ka 6 in 168 cm 5 in 12 cm
1888 Benjamin Harrison 5 ka 6 in 168 cm Grover Cleveland* 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 5 in 12 cm
1884 Grover Cleveland 5 ka 11 in 180 cm James G. Blaine[51] 5 ka 11 in 180 cm 0 in 0 cm
1880 James A. Garfield 6 ka 0 in 183 cm Winfield Hancock[52] 6 ka 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm 1½ in 4 cm
1876 Rutherford B. Hayes 5 ka 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm Samuel Tilden*[53] 5 ka 10 in 178 cm 1½ in 4 cm
1872 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ka 8 in 173 cm Horace Greeley[54] 5 ka 10 in 178 cm 2 in 5 cm
1868 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ka 8 in 173 cm Horatio Seymour      
1864 Abraham Lincoln 6 ka 4 in 193 cm George B. McClellan[55] 5 ka 8 in 173 cm 8 in 20 cm
1860 Abraham Lincoln 6 ka 4 in 193 cm Stephen A. Douglas[56]
John C. Breckinridge[57]		 5 ft 4 in
6 ft 2 in		 163 cm
188 cm		 12 in
2 in		 30 cm
5 cm
1856 James Buchanan 6 ka 0 in 183 cm Millard Fillmore
John C. Frémont[58]		 69 in5 ft 9 in
5 ft 9 in		 175 cm
175 cm		 3 in
3 in		 8 cm
8 cm
1852 Franklin Pierce 5 ka 10 in 178 cm Winfield Scott[59] 6 ka 5 in 196 cm 7 in 18 cm
1848 Zachary Taylor 5 ka 8 in 173 cm Lewis Cass[60] 5 ka 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm ½ in 1 cm
1844 James K. Polk 5 ka 8 in 173 cm Henry Clay[61] 6 ka 1 in 185 cm 5 in 12 cm
1840 William Henry Harrison 5 ka 8 in 173 cm Martin Van Buren 5 ka 6 in 168 cm 2 in 5 cm
1836 Martin Van Buren 5 ka 6 in 168 cm Hugh Lawson White[62]
William Henry Harrison		 5 ft 11 in
68 in5 ft 8 in		 180 cm
173 cm		 5 in
2 in		 12 cm
5 cm
1832 Andrew Jackson 6 ka 1 in 185 cm Henry Clay 6 ka 1 in 185 cm 0 in 0 cm
1828 Andrew Jackson 6 ka 1 in 185 cm John Quincy Adams 5 ka 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm 5½ in 14 cm
1824 John Quincy Adams 5 ka 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm William H. Crawford[63][64]
Andrew Jackson**
Henry Clay		 6 ft 3 in
73 in6 ft 1 in
73 in6 ft 1 in		 191 cm
185 cm
185 cm		 7½ in
5½ in
5½ in		 20 cm
14 cm
14 cm
1820 James Monroe† 6 ka 0 in 183 cm          
1816 James Monroe 6 ka 0 in 183 cm Rufus King        
1812 James Madison 5 ka 4 in 163 cm DeWitt Clinton[65] 6 ka 3 in 191 cm 11 in 28 cm
1808 James Madison 5 ka 4 in 163 cm Charles C. Pinckney 5 ka 9 in 175 cm 5 in 12 cm
1804 Thomas Jefferson 6 ka 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm Charles C. Pinckney 5 ka 9 in 175 cm 5½ in 14 cm
1800 Thomas Jefferson 6 ka 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm John Adams 5 ka 7 in 170 cm 7½ in 19 cm
1796 John Adams 5 ka 7 in 170 cm Thomas Jefferson 6 ka 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm 7½ in 19 cm
1792 George Washington† 6 ka 2 in 188 cm          
1788–89 George Washington† 6 ka 2 in 188 cm          

Catatan:

** Kehilangan undi Dewan Perwakilan tetapi mendapat undi paling popular dan sejumlah undi elektoral majmuk, bukan majoriti yang diperlukan untuk menang.

† Bertanding tanpa ditentang

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ USA TODAY
  2. ^ Jackson, Ronny L. (January 16, 2018). "The President's Periodic Physical Exam" (PDF). whitehouse.gov.
  3. ^ a b "Donald Trump's Registration Card". nytimes.com. December 26, 2018. Dicapai pada September 14, 2019.
  4. ^ Flores, Reena (September 17, 2016). "Mike Pence releases doctor's note on medical records". CBS News. Dicapai pada May 30, 2017.
  5. ^ a b O'Connor, Kevin C. (December 15, 2019). "Joe Biden's Physical Exam" (PDF). joebiden.com. Dicapai pada November 7, 2020. height: 5 feet, 11.65 inches, weight: 178 lbs, BMI: 24.38
  6. ^ Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture. Hurd and Houghton. m/s. 217.
  7. ^ Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. m/s. 12. ISBN 978-0195054651.
  8. ^ Caro, Robert (1982). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. New York: Knopf. m/s. 146. ISBN 978-0394499734.
  9. ^ Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy. Little, Brown, and Co. m/s. 354.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Kane, Joseph (1994). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. m/s. 344–45. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5.
  11. ^ Macdonald, Zanne (July 1992). "Physical Descriptions of Thomas Jefferson". Monticello Report. Monticello Research Department. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada July 13, 2009. Dicapai pada May 17, 2009.
  12. ^ Various sources have put Washington's height between 6 ft and 6 ft 3 in. See: Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 2010, The Penguin Press HC ISBN 1-59420-266-4; Wilson, Woodrow, George Washington, 2004, Cosimo, Inc., p. 111; Alden, John Richard, George Washington: A Biography, 1984, Louisiana State University Press, p. 11; Lodge, Henry Cabot, George Washington, Vol. I, 2007, The Echo Library, p. 30; Haworth, Paul Leland, George Washington, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 119; Thayer, William Roscoe, George Washington, 1931, Plain Label Books, p. 65
  13. ^ "George Washington Height, Weight", HowTallis.Org
  14. ^ a b c d Page, Susan (June 23, 2004). "Time-tested formulas suggest both Bush and Kerry will win on Nov. 2". USA TODAY. Dicapai pada May 13, 2009.
  15. ^ Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal. 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973. JSTOR 1558973.
  16. ^ Sedghi, Ami (October 18, 2011). "Statesmen and stature: how tall are our world leaders?". The Guardian.
  17. ^ Mathews, Jay (August 3, 1999). "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post.
  18. ^ a b "Presidential Height Index". The Height Site. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Ogos 23, 2012. Dicapai pada Ogos 22, 2012.
  19. ^ Jackson, Ronny L. (Mac 8, 2016). "The President's Periodic Physical Exam" (PDF). The White House. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada November 9, 2020. Dicapai pada November 26, 2020. height: 73.5 inches, weight: 175 pounds, BMI: 22.8
  20. ^ Remini, Robert V., Andrew Jackson, HarperCollins, 1969, p. 15. ISBN 0-06-080132-8
  21. ^ Hendriks, Steven (2017). "JFK Presidential Library". The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Dicapai pada April 19, 2009.
  22. ^ a b c Whitcomb, John and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, Routledge (UK), 2002. ISBN 0-415-93951-8
  23. ^ a b c d e Tossey, Lisa D. (2004). "Is presidential race a simple matter of standing tall?". The Pendulum Online. Dicapai pada April 19, 2009.[pautan mati kekal]
  24. ^ Sotos, John G. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. Chest. 2003;124:1133-1142.Online copy
  25. ^ Nash, George H. (1988). The Life of Herbert Hoover. W.W. Norton & Company. m/s. 365.
  26. ^ "Report on President Bush's Physical Examination". New York Times. August 2, 2006.
  27. ^ "Medical History Summary: President George W. Bush". FindLaw. August 7, 2007. Dicapai pada March 2, 2010.
  28. ^ Scott, David (October 18, 2011). "GOP Debate: Does height matter in presidential politics?". The Christian Science Monitor.
  29. ^ Levin, Phyllis Lee, Edith & Woodrow: the Wilson White House, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-1158-8 Google Print
  30. ^ Davison, Kenneth E (1972). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Inc. m/s. 69. ISBN 0-8371-6275-0.
  31. ^ Behrman, Carol H.James K. Polk, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8225-1396-X
  32. ^ King, Charles, The True Ulysses Grant, Philadelphia & London, J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1914.Google Print
  33. ^ Levy, Debbie,John Quincy Adams, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004, p. 28. ISBN 0-8225-0825-7
  34. ^ Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Owl Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4576-7, p. 169.Google Print
  35. ^ Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. ISBN 0-8050-6922-4
  36. ^ Loderhouse, Gary and Nelson Price, William Addison Hunter, Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana, Emmis Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57860-097-9 Google Print
  37. ^ Phillips, Louis, Ask Me Anything About the Presidents, HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-380-76426-1
  38. ^ Mathews, Jay (September 24, 2015). "Is Hillary Clinton getting taller? Or is the Internet getting dumber?". The Washington Post (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0190-8286. Dicapai pada August 19, 2016.
  39. ^ "How Tall Is Mitt Romney?". newsone.com. May 16, 2012. Dicapai pada November 7, 2019.
  40. ^ "John McCain Medical Records" (PDF). The Washington Post. May 23, 2008. m/s. 7. Dicapai pada February 23, 2009. height: 175.3 CM, weight: 78.93 KG, BMI: 25.68
  41. ^ "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post. August 3, 1999. Dicapai pada April 27, 2009.
  42. ^ The Washington Post listed Dole at 6'2"/1.88 m, USA TODAY listed him at 6'1"/1.85 m
  43. ^ a b Dowd, Maureen (June 21, 1992). "Where They Stand". The New York Times. Dicapai pada May 13, 2009.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. m/s. 20. ISBN 0-918296-15-3.
  45. ^ "Wendell Willkie". imdb.com. Dicapai pada December 1, 2016.
  46. ^ Morris, Charles E. (1920). Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. m/s. 9. ISBN 9781444637489.
  47. ^ Gillis, Too Tall, Too Small, p. 20. Lists his height as 5 ka 10 in (178 cm).
  48. ^ Edwards, Rebecca; DeFeo, Sarah (2000). "William Jennings Bryan". 1896: The Presidential Campaign. Vassar College. Dicapai pada April 20, 2009. Lists his height as 5 ka 10 in (178 cm).
  49. ^ Wilson, Charles Morrow (1970). The Commoner: William Jennings Bryan. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. m/s. 40. Lists his height as 5 ka 11 in (180 cm) during his second year in college.
  50. ^ Springen, Donald K. (1991). William Jennings Bryan: Orator of Small-Town America. Greenwood Press. m/s. 15. ISBN 0-313-25977-1. Lists his height as 6 ka 0 in (183 cm).
  51. ^ Records of his height have been difficult to obtain. In one biography, he was described as "just under six feet in height". While not a definitive record of his height, this description does allow us to presume he was at least comparable in height to Cleveland. See Crawford, Thomas Clark (1893). James G. Blaine: A Study of his Life and Career, from the Standpoint of a Personal Witness of the Principal Events in his History. Edgewood Publishing Co. m/s. 26. Dicapai pada June 26, 2009.
  52. ^ Jordan, David M. (1988). Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. m/s. 23. ISBN 0-253-36580-5.
  53. ^ Bigelow, John (1895). The Life of Samuel Tilden (vol. 1). New York: Harper and Brothers. m/s. 283.
  54. ^ Stoddart, Henry Luther (1946). Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. m/s. 38.
  55. ^ Eckenrode, Hamilton James; Bryan Conrad (1941). George B. McClellan, the man who saved the Union. University of North Carolina Press. m/s. 2. Dicapai pada June 26, 2009.
  56. ^ Johanssen, Robert W. (1973). Stephen A. Douglas. New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 4.
  57. ^ Davis, William C. (1974). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. m/s. 18. ISBN 0-8071-0068-4.
  58. ^ Life of John Charles Fremont. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856. m/s. 31. Dicapai pada July 6, 2009.
  59. ^ Heidler, David Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. m/s. 464. ISBN 1-59114-362-4. Dicapai pada May 17, 2009.
  60. ^ According to Cass's biography, he was "about five foot eight or nine inches". See Woodford, Frank B. (1950). Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian. New Brunswick and New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. m/s. 32.
  61. ^ Seymour, Chas C. B. (1858). Self-made men. New York: Harper & Brothers. m/s. 137. Dicapai pada July 6, 2009.
  62. ^ Scott, Nancy N. (1856). A Memoir of Hugh Lawson White, Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, Member of the Senate of the United States, etc., etc. Michigan: J. B. Lippincott & Co. m/s. 243. Dicapai pada June 25, 2009.
  63. ^ Mooney, Chase Curran (1974). William H. Crawford, 1772-1834. Michigan: University of Kentucky Press. m/s. 7. ISBN 0-8131-1270-2. Dicapai pada June 25, 2009.
  64. ^ One biography of Crawford describes his stature as being "considerably over six feet". See Butler, Benjamin F. (1824). Sketches of the Life and Character of William H. Crawford. Albany: Packard and Benthuysen. m/s. 35.
  65. ^ Cornog, Evan, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, ISBN 0-19-514051-6

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