Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham: Perbezaan antara semakan
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[[File:Alhazen, the Persian.gif|alt=Head of a bearded man with bushy eyebrows, wearing a turban.|thumb|Satu lagi gambar Ibn al-Haitham [[polymath]] agung Islam.]] |
[[File:Alhazen, the Persian.gif|alt=Head of a bearded man with bushy eyebrows, wearing a turban.|thumb|Satu lagi gambar Ibn al-Haitham [[polymath]] agung Islam.]] |
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Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham dilahirkan di [[Basra]], |
Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham dilahirkan di [[Basra]], [[Iraq]] yang pada masa itu merupakan sebuah wilayah [[Empayar Buyah]].<ref name=Britannica>{{Harv|Lorch|2008}}</ref> Tidak dapat dipastikan sama ada beliau berketurunan Arab atau Parsi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/science/infocus_full_oct_05.shtml |title=UNESCO Natural Sciences Portal |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=18546671 | doi=10.1068/p5940 | volume=37 | issue=4 | title=Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics | year=2008 | journal=Perception | pages=636–8}}</ref> Berkemungkinan besar beliau meninggal dunia di [[Kaherah]], [[Mesir]]. Beliau dididik di Basra (sewaktu [[Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]], Basra merupakan "kunci kepada permulaan pedidikan"),<ref name=Guardian>{{Harv|Whitaker|2004}}</ref> dan di [[Baghdad]], ibu negeri [[Kerajaan Bani Abbasiyyah|Kekhalifahan Abbasiyyah]], yang juga menjadi pusat "kemuncak tamadun Islam".<ref name=Guardian/> Sewaktu di [[Buyid|Iran Buyah]], beliau bertugas sebagai [[pegawai awam]] dan membaca banyak karya-karya [[Teologi Islam|teologi]] dan [[Sains Islam|sains]].<ref name=MacTutor>{{Harv|O'Connor|Robertson|1999}}</ref><ref name=greatislamic>Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", ''Great Islamic Encyclopedia'', Volume 1, Article No. 1917;</ref> |
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Satu kisah kerjayanya menceritakan yang beliau dipanggil ke Mesir oleh pemerintah [[Khilafah Fatimiyyah|Kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah]], [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], untuk mengawal pembanjiran sungai [[Sungai Nil|Nil]], suatu usaha yang memerlukan pembinaan empangan di tempat terbinanya [[Empangan Aswan]] sekarang.<ref>{{Harv|Rashed|2002b}}</ref> Selepas kerja luar menyedarkan beliau akan kemustahilan rancangannya,<ref name="Corbin149"/> dan takut akan kemarahan khalifah, beliau pura-pura gila. Ibn al-Haitham dikenakan [[penahanan dalam rumah]] dari tahun 1011 M sehinggalah kematian Khalifah al-Hakim dalam tahun 1021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917 |title=the Great Islamic Encyclopedia |publisher=Cgie.org.ir |date= |accessdate=2012-05-27}}</ref> Dalam waktu penahanan itu, beliau menghasilkan sebuah kitab yang amat berpengaruh, ''[[Kitab Optik (Kitab al-Manazir)|Kitab Optik]]''. Selepas dibebaskan daripada tahanan, beliau menerbit banyak lagi treatis berkaitan [[Fizik Islam|fizik]] [[Astronomi Islam|ilmu falak]] dan [[Matematik Islam|matematik]]. Beliau kemudiannya pergi ke [[Al-Andalus]]. Dalam waktu ini, beliau terus menerus menjalankan pengajian saintifik termasuk kajian tentang optik, matematik, fizik, [[Perubatan Islam|perubatan]], dan pengembangan [[kaedah saintifik]] moden yang berlandaskan [[eksperimen|ujikaji]]. |
Satu kisah kerjayanya menceritakan yang beliau dipanggil ke Mesir oleh pemerintah [[Khilafah Fatimiyyah|Kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah]], [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]], untuk mengawal pembanjiran sungai [[Sungai Nil|Nil]], suatu usaha yang memerlukan pembinaan empangan di tempat terbinanya [[Empangan Aswan]] sekarang.<ref>{{Harv|Rashed|2002b}}</ref> Selepas kerja luar menyedarkan beliau akan kemustahilan rancangannya,<ref name="Corbin149"/> dan takut akan kemarahan khalifah, beliau pura-pura gila. Ibn al-Haitham dikenakan hukuman [[penahanan dalam rumah]] dari tahun 1011 M sehinggalah kematian Khalifah al-Hakim dalam tahun 1021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917 |title=the Great Islamic Encyclopedia |publisher=Cgie.org.ir |date= |accessdate=2012-05-27}}</ref> Dalam waktu penahanan itu, beliau menghasilkan sebuah kitab yang amat berpengaruh, ''[[Kitab Optik (Kitab al-Manazir)|Kitab Optik]]''. Selepas dibebaskan daripada tahanan, beliau menerbit banyak lagi treatis berkaitan [[Fizik Islam|fizik]] [[Astronomi Islam|ilmu falak]] dan [[Matematik Islam|matematik]]. Beliau kemudiannya pergi ke [[Al-Andalus]]. Dalam waktu ini, beliau terus menerus menjalankan pengajian saintifik termasuk kajian tentang optik, matematik, fizik, [[Perubatan Islam|perubatan]], dan pengembangan [[kaedah saintifik]] moden yang berlandaskan [[eksperimen|ujikaji]]. |
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Beberapa periwayat hidup mengatakan Ibn al-Haitham lari ke [[Syria]], kemudian pergi ke Baghdad pada usia tua, atau berada di Basra semasa beliau pura-pura gila. |
Beberapa periwayat hidup mengatakan Ibn al-Haitham lari ke [[Syria]], kemudian pergi ke Baghdad pada usia tua, atau berada di Basra semasa beliau pura-pura gila. Walau apapun, beliau berada di Kaherah menjelang tahun 1038. Semasa beliau berada di Kaherah, beliau terhubung dengan [[Universiti Al-Azhar]], disamping "Rumah Hikmah"" bandar itu,<ref>{{Harv|Van Sertima|1992|p=382}}</ref> yang dikenali sebagai ''Dar al-`Ilm'' ([[Rumah Ilmu]]), yang merupakan perpustakaan "terpenting" selepas [[Baitul Hikmah]] di Baghdad.<ref name=MacTutor/> |
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===Legasi=== |
===Legasi=== |
Semakan pada 10:50, 23 Julai 2012
Al-Haitham | |
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Kelahiran | CE[1](354 AH)[2] | 1 Julai 965
Meninggal dunia | 6 Mac 1040[1](430 AH)[3] | (umur 74)
Terkenal kerana | Kitab Optik, Keraguan Tentang Ptolemy, Tentang Tatabentuk Dunia, The Model of the Motions, Treatis berkaitan Cahaya, Treatis berkaitan Tempat, kaedah saintifik, sains eksperimen, fizik eksperimen, psikologi eksperimen, persepsi penglihatan, geometri analitik, astronomi bukan Ptolemaic, celestial mechanics |
Kerjaya saintifik | |
Bidang | Ahli Fizik dan Ahli Matematik |
Pengaruh | Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy |
Dipengaruhi oleh | Averroes, Witelo, Roger Bacon, Kepler |
Tokoh Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham
(Arab: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Parsi: ابن هیثم, Latin: Alhacen atau [5] Alhazen) (dilahirkan di Basra pada 965 Masihi – dan meninggal dunia pada 1040 Masihi di Kaherah). Beliau ialah seorang Muslim,[6] ahli sains Muslim dan polymath yang banyak diterangkan dalam pelbagai sumber sama ada dalam bahasa Arab mahupun Parsi.[7][8][9][10][11][12], Beliau juga terkenal sebagai Bapa Optik Moden. Beliau merupakan pakar fizik yang terunggul melalui sumbangan terhadap kaedah optik dan saintifik. Abu Ali Hasan telah mendapat pendidikan di Basra dan Baghdad.
Ibn al-Haitham membuat sumbangan besar dalam bidang [optik]], dan juga bidang-bidang fizik, ilmu falak, matematik, oftalmologi, falsafah, persepsi penglihatan, dan kaedah saintifik. Beliau juga menulis ulasan berwawasan terhadap karya-karya Aristotle, Ptolemy, dan ahli matematik purba Yunani, Euclid.[13]
Beliau sering dikenali sebagai Ibn al-Haitham, dan kadangkala sebagai al-Basri (Arab: البصري), bersempena tempat kelahirannya di bandar Basra.[14] Beliau juga dikenali dengan nama berian Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy Kedua")[15] atau nama ringkas "Si Ahli Fizik"[16] di Eropah Zaman Pertengahan.
Dilahirkan di Basra, Iraq, beliau tinggal di Kaherah Mesir dan meninggal dunia di sana pada umur 74 tahun.[15] Kerana terlalu meyakini kegunaan praktik ilmu matematiknya, beliau beranggapan dapat mengawal banjir sungai Nil.[17] Apabila diperintah berbuat demikian oleh Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, khalifah keenam Kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah, beliau dengan cepat menyedari bahawa tugas itu mustahil dilakukan, lantas bersara daripada bidang kejuruteraan. Oleh sebab takut nyawanya terancam, beliau berpura-pura gila[1][18]. Akibatnya beliau dikenakan penahanan dalam rumah. Pada waktu dan selepas itulah beliau menumpukan perhatian kepada usaha-usaha saintifik sehinggalah meninggal dunia.[15]
Abu Ali Hasan juga merupakan manusia pertama yang memperincikan secara tepat pelbagai bahagian mata dan memberi penjelasan saintifik mengenai proses penglihatan. Abu Ali Hasan menyangkal teori penglihatan Ptolemy dan Euclid yang menyebut bahawa mata menghantar sinaran visual kepada objek yang dilihat. Menurut Ali Abu Hasan, sinaran berasal dalam objek yang dilihat dan bukan dalam mata.
Dalam bukunya Mizan al-Hikmah, Ali Abu Hasan membincangkan ketumpatan atmosfera dan menghasilkan hubungan antara atmosfera dan ketinggian.
Biografi
Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham dilahirkan di Basra, Iraq yang pada masa itu merupakan sebuah wilayah Empayar Buyah.[1] Tidak dapat dipastikan sama ada beliau berketurunan Arab atau Parsi.[19][20] Berkemungkinan besar beliau meninggal dunia di Kaherah, Mesir. Beliau dididik di Basra (sewaktu Zaman Kegemilangan Islam, Basra merupakan "kunci kepada permulaan pedidikan"),[21] dan di Baghdad, ibu negeri Kekhalifahan Abbasiyyah, yang juga menjadi pusat "kemuncak tamadun Islam".[21] Sewaktu di Iran Buyah, beliau bertugas sebagai pegawai awam dan membaca banyak karya-karya teologi dan sains.[14][22]
Satu kisah kerjayanya menceritakan yang beliau dipanggil ke Mesir oleh pemerintah Kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, untuk mengawal pembanjiran sungai Nil, suatu usaha yang memerlukan pembinaan empangan di tempat terbinanya Empangan Aswan sekarang.[23] Selepas kerja luar menyedarkan beliau akan kemustahilan rancangannya,[15] dan takut akan kemarahan khalifah, beliau pura-pura gila. Ibn al-Haitham dikenakan hukuman penahanan dalam rumah dari tahun 1011 M sehinggalah kematian Khalifah al-Hakim dalam tahun 1021.[24] Dalam waktu penahanan itu, beliau menghasilkan sebuah kitab yang amat berpengaruh, Kitab Optik. Selepas dibebaskan daripada tahanan, beliau menerbit banyak lagi treatis berkaitan fizik ilmu falak dan matematik. Beliau kemudiannya pergi ke Al-Andalus. Dalam waktu ini, beliau terus menerus menjalankan pengajian saintifik termasuk kajian tentang optik, matematik, fizik, perubatan, dan pengembangan kaedah saintifik moden yang berlandaskan ujikaji.
Beberapa periwayat hidup mengatakan Ibn al-Haitham lari ke Syria, kemudian pergi ke Baghdad pada usia tua, atau berada di Basra semasa beliau pura-pura gila. Walau apapun, beliau berada di Kaherah menjelang tahun 1038. Semasa beliau berada di Kaherah, beliau terhubung dengan Universiti Al-Azhar, disamping "Rumah Hikmah"" bandar itu,[25] yang dikenali sebagai Dar al-`Ilm (Rumah Ilmu), yang merupakan perpustakaan "terpenting" selepas Baitul Hikmah di Baghdad.[14]
Legasi
Ibn al-Haitham membuat kemajuan besar dalam bidang optik, sains fizikal dan kaedah saintifik. Usaha Ibn al-Haitham berkaitan optik dianggap sebagai penyumbang kepada penitikberatan eksperimen dalam sains. Pengaruhnya terhadap sains am dan optik khususnya disanjung tinggi, dan sesungguhnya membuka tirai kepada era baharu dalam penyelidikan optik, sama ada dalam bentuk teori mahupun amali.[26]
Nota
- ^ a b c d (Lorch 2008)
- ^ Charles M. Falco (November 27–29, 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized Image Analysis (PDF), International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), dicapai pada 2010-01-30
- ^ Franz Rosenthal (1960–1961), "Al-Mubashshir ibn Fâtik. Prolegomena to an Abortive Edition", Oriens, Brill Publishers, 13: 132–158 [136–7], JSTOR 1580309
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; teks bagi rujukanmathsong.com
tidak disediakan - ^ Lindberg, 1996.
- ^ http://www.amualumni.8m.com/Scientist3.htm
http://www.islamic-study.org/optics.htm - ^ (Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, p. 70)
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. - ^ Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497. - ^ (Smith 1992)
(Grant 2008)
(Vernet 2008)
Paul Lagasse (2007), "Ibn al-Haytham", [[Columbia Encyclopedia]] (ed. Sixth), Columbia, ISBN 0-7876-5075-7, dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan) - ^ [1]
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497) - ^ Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497. - ^ Review of Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Kirkus Reviews, December 1, 2006:
(Hamarneh 1972):a devout, brilliant polymath
(Bettany 1995):A great man and a universal genius, long neglected even by his own people.Ibn ai-Haytham provides us with the historical personage of a versatile universal genius. - ^ "The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science". Raymond L. Lee, Alistair B. Fraser (2001). Penn State Press. p.142. ISBN 0-271-01977-8
- ^ a b c (O'Connor & Robertson 1999)
- ^ a b c d (Corbin 1993, p. 149)
- ^ (Lindberg 1967, p. 331)
- ^ (Sabra 2003)
- ^ (Grant 2008)
- ^ "UNESCO Natural Sciences Portal". Unesco.org. Dicapai pada 2012-05-27.
- ^ "Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics". Perception. 37 (4): 636–8. 2008. doi:10.1068/p5940. PMID 18546671.
- ^ a b (Whitaker 2004)
- ^ Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Volume 1, Article No. 1917;
- ^ (Rashed 2002b)
- ^ "the Great Islamic Encyclopedia". Cgie.org.ir. Dicapai pada 2012-05-27.
- ^ (Van Sertima 1992, p. 382)
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; teks bagi rujukanDeek
tidak disediakan
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- Mohamed, Mohaini (2000), Great Muslim Mathematicians, Penerbit UTM, ISBN 983-52-0157-9, OCLC 48759017
- Montada, Josep Puig (September 28, 2007), "Ibn Bajja", [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]], dicapai pada 2008-07-11 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
- Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 2, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12410-7, OCLC 34731151
- Murphy, Dan (2003-10-17), "No more 'Saddams': Iraqis get new currency", The Christian Science Monitor, dicapai pada 2008-09-21
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2003), "The achievements of Ibn Sina in the field of science and his contributions to its philosophy", Islam & Science (December 2003)
- O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999), Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, dicapai pada 2008-09-20
- O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (August 2002), Light through the ages: Ancient Greece to Maxwell, dicapai pada 2008-09-20
- Omar, Saleh Beshara (1977), Ibn al-Haytham's Optics: A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science, Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, ISBN 0-88297-015-1, OCLC 3328963
- Pines, Shlomo (1986), Studies in Arabic Versions of Greek Texts and in Mediaeval Science, Brill Publishers, ISBN 965-223-626-8, OCLC 14217211 165468475 46823952 60041227 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan) - Plott, C. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0551-8 Unknown parameter
|ISBN status=
ignored (bantuan) - Powers, Richard (April 18, 1999), "Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open", [[The New York Times]] (PDF), dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
- Qadir, Asghar (1989), Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore
- Qadir, C. A. (1990), Philosophy and Science in the lslamic World, London: Routledge
- Rashed, Roshdi (2002a), "A Polymath in the 10th century", Science, 297 (5582): 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 12161634 Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan) - Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, Science magazine, 297 (5582): 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 12161634, dicapai pada 2008-09-16 Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan) - Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 17: 7–55, doi:10.1017/S0957423907000355
- Rosen, Edward (1 January 1985), "The Dissolution of the Solid Celestial Spheres", Journal of the History of Ideas, 46 (1): 13–31, doi:10.2307/2709773, ISSN 0022-5037
- Rottman, J. (February 28, 2000), A first course in Abstract Algebra, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-011584-3, OCLC 42960682 59576116 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan) - Rozenfeld, Boris A. (1988), A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry: Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space, Springer Science+Business Media, ISBN 0-387-96458-4, OCLC 15550634 230166667 230980046 77693662 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan) - Rozenfeld, Boris Abramovich; Youschkevitch, Adolf P. (1996), "Geometry", dalam Rashed, Roshdi (penyunting), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 2, London & New York: Routledge, m/s. 447–494
- Saad, Bashar; Azaizeh, Hassan; Said, Omar (October 2005), "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Oxford University Press, 2 (4): 475–479, doi:10.1093/ecam/neh133, PMC 1297506, PMID 16322804
- Sabra, A. I. (1971), "The astronomical origin of Ibn al-Haytham's concept of experiment", Actes du XIIe congrès international d’histoire des sciences, Albert Blanchard, Paris, 3: 133–136. Reprinted in Sabra, A. I. (1994), Optics, Astronomy and Logic: Studies in Arabic Science and Philosophy, Collected Studies Series, 444, Variorum, Aldershot, ISBN 0-86078-435-5, OCLC 29847104 30739740 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan). - Sabra, A. I. (1978a), "Ibn al-Haytham and the Visual Ray Hypothesis", dalam Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (penyunting), Ismaili Contributions to Islamic Culture, Boston: Shambhala Publications, m/s. 178–216, ISBN 0-87773-731-2 Unknown parameter
|ISBN status=
ignored (bantuan); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|unused_data=
(bantuan) - Sabra, A. I. (1978b), "An Eleventh-Century Refutation of Ptolemy's Planetary Theory", dalam Hilfstein, Erna; Czartoryski, Paweł; Grande, Frank D. (penyunting), Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen, Studia Copernicana, XVI, Ossolineum, Wrocław, m/s. 117–131
- Sabra, A. I. (1981), Theories of Light from Descartes to Newton, Cambridge University Press
- Sabra, A. I. (1998), "Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy", Perspectives on Science, 6 (3): 288–330
- Sabra, A. I. (October–December 2003), "Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician", [[Harvard Magazine]], dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
- Sabra, A. I.; Hogendijk, J. P. (2003), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19482-1, OCLC 237875424 50252039 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan) - Saliba, George (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-8023-7, OCLC 35666761
- Salih, H.; Al-Amri, M.; El Gomati, M. (2005), "The Miracle of Light", A World of Science, UNESCO, 3 (3)
- Samuelson, James; Crookes, William, The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology
- Sardar, Ziauddin (1998), "Science in Islamic philosophy", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, dicapai pada 2008-02-03
- Sarton, George (1927), Introduction To The History of Science, Volume I: From Homer To Omar Khayyam, Baltimore, Maryland: Carnegie Institution for Science
- Van Sertima, Ivan (2004), Golden Age Of The Moor, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-581-5, OCLC 123168739 25416243 29837541 44748929 50901951 56571741 57559516 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan) Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(bantuan) - Smith, A. Mark (2001), Alhacen's theory of visual perception: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 91–4, 91–5, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society & DIANE Publishing, ISBN 978-0-87169-914-5, OCLC 163278528 163278565 185537919 47168716 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan) - Smith, A. Mark (2005), "The Alhacenian Account Of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 15, doi:10.1017/S0957423905000184
- Smith, John D. (1 March 1992), "The Remarkable Ibn al-Haytham", The Mathematical Gazette, Mathematical Association, 76 (475): 189–198, doi:10.2307/3620392, ISSN 0025-5572
- Thiele, Rüdiger (2005), "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 15: 329–331, doi:10.1017/S0957423905000214
- Toomer, G. J. (December 1964), "Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm", Isis, 55 (4): 463–465, doi:10.1086/349914
- Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (1999), Takîyüddîn'in Optik Kitabi, Ankara: Ministry of Culture Press
- Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (2007a), "Kamal Al-Din Al-Farisi's Explanation of the Rainbow" (PDF), Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 2 (1): 75–85, dicapai pada 2008-09-16
- Topdemir, Huseyin Gazi (July 18, 2007), Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039) His Life and WorksCS1 maint: date and year (link)
- Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (30 June 2008), Taqi al-Din ibn Ma‘ruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision, FSTC Limited, dicapai pada 2008-07-04
- Verma, R. L. (August 1969), "Al-Hazen: father of modern optics", Al-Arabi, 8: 12–3, PMID 11634474
- Vernet, J. (4 April 2008), "Ibn al- Hayt̲h̲am, Abū ʿalī al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan (or Ḥusayn) b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Baṣrī al-Miṣrī", dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (penyunting), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Brill Online: Brill Publishers, dicapai pada 2008-09-16 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
- Wade, Nicholas J. (1998), A Natural History of Vision, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
- Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception, 30 (10): 1157–1177, doi:10.1068/p3210, PMID 11721819
- Weisstein, Eric, Alhazen's Billiard Problem, Mathworld, dicapai pada 2008-09-24
- Whitaker, Brian (2004-09-23), "Centuries in the House of Wisdom", The Guardian, dicapai pada 2008-09-16
Bacaan lanjut
Kepustakaan primer
- Sabra, A. I., ed. (1983), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and LettersCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Sabra, A. I., ed. (2002), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: The National Council for Culture, Arts and LettersCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Sabra, A. I., trans. (1989), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, ISBN 0-85481-072-2, OCLC 165564751 165564771 180528350 180528355 180528359 21530166 230045836 24910015 59836570 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan) - Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2001), ditulis pada Philadelphia, "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols.", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 91 (4–5), ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716
- Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2006), "Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Soc., 96 (2–3), ISBN 0-87169-962-1, OCLC 123464885 185359947 185359957 219328717 219328739 70078653 Check
|oclc=
value (bantuan)
Kepustakaan sekunder
- Graham, Mark. How Islam Created the Modern World. Amana Publications, 2006.
- Omar, Saleh Beshara (June 1975), Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
- Saliba, George (2007), Islamic Science and the Making of the European Reneissance, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19557-7
- Belting, Hans, Afterthoughts on Alhazen’s Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [2]
- Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, How One Sees, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [3]
Pautan luar
- http://www.tutor.com.my/tutor/estidotmy/index.asp?y=2003&dt=0625&pub=ESTIDOTMY&sec=Saintis_Islam&pg=si_01.htm
- Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007). "Ibn al‐Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥasan ibn al‐Ḥasan". Dalam Thomas Hockey; dll. (penyunting). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. m/s. 556–7. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Explicit use of et al. in:
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(bantuan) (PDF version) - Sabra, A. I. (2008) [1970–80]. "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. External link in
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(bantuan) - Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes
- The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham
- Biography from Malaspina Global Portal
- Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham
- Multimedia artwork based on Alhazen's Problem
- Report by the Telegraph of a modern day solution of Alhazen's problem
- Biography from ioNET via the Wayback Machine
- Biography from the BBC via the Wayback Machine
- Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut)
- Biography from Molecular Expressions
- The First True Scientist from BBC News
- Over the Moon From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009
- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by Alhazen in .jpg and .tiff format.
- Richard Covington, Rediscovering Arabic Science, 2007, Saudi Aramco World
- CS1 errors: URL–wikilink conflict
- CS1 errors: OCLC
- CS1 errors: extra text: volume
- CS1: Nilai isi padu panjang
- CS1 cubaan lokasi
- CS1 errors: external links
- 965 births
- 1039 deaths
- Scientific method
- Natural philosophers
- Medieval Islamic astronomers
- Medieval Iraqi astronomers
- Astronomers of medieval Islam
- Medieval Islamic mathematicians
- Medieval Iraqi mathematicians
- 10th-century mathematicians
- 11th-century mathematicians
- Medieval Arab philosophers
- Iraqi philosophers
- Medieval engineers
- Iraqi engineers
- Medieval Iraqi physicians
- Medieval Persian physicians
- Iranian scientists
- Iraqi scientists
- People from Basra
- Philosophers of science
- Arab scholars
- Islamic philosophers
- Medieval physicists
- Muslim scholars
- Precursors of photography
- Scientists who worked on Qibla determination
- Physicians of medieval Islam
- Mathematicians of medieval Islam
- Iraqi Shi'a Muslims
- 11th-century astronomers
- Kaedah saintifik
- Ahli sains Iran
- Ilmuwan Islam
- Ahli matematik
- Ahli astronomi