Biawak

Biawak; Julat zaman: Miosen Awal–Kini PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Kordata
Kelas:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Keluarga:	Varanidae
Genus:	Varanus; Merrem, 1820
Spesies jenis
	Varanus varius; Shaw, 1790
Subgenus
	Empagusia; Euprepiosaurus; Odatria; Hapturosaurus; Papusaurus; Philippinosaurus; Polydaedalus; Psammosaurus; Solomonsaurus; Soterosaurus; Varanus;
	Taburan asli semua spesies biawak

Biawak (Jawi: ‏بياوق‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) merupakan sejenis reptilia dalam genus Varanus, satu-satunya genus yang masih wujud dalam keluarga Varanidae. Kira-kira 80 spesies diterima dalam genus ini; spesies-spesies ini ditemukan di Afrika, Asia, dan Oceania.

Ia berdarah sejuk dan membiak secara bertelur.

Terdapat beberapa jenis biawak, antaranya adalah:-

Penamaan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Perkataan biawak dijejak daripada akar bahasa Proto-Austronesia *bayawak yang sama maksudnya. Kata-kata seasal daripada akar ini termasuk bayáwak dalam bahasa Tagalog dan bayak dalam bahasa Iban.^[1]^[2]

Taksonomi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nama genus Varanus meminjam daripada Arab: ورلcode: ar is deprecated waral [bahasa piawai] / وررcode: ar is deprecated warar [bahasa basahan] / ورنcode: ar is deprecated waran [bahasa basahan], daripada akar bahasa Semitik ouran, waran, warar atau waral yang bermaksud "makhluk biawak".^[3]

Ciri-ciri[sunting | sunting sumber]

Biawak ialah haiwan yang unik di mana bentuk badannya relatif tidak berubah-ubah tetapi mempunyai julat saiz yang sangat luas.^[4] Ciri yang lebih halus seperti bentuk tengkorak dan kaki berbeza-beza dan berkait kuat kepada ekologi setiap spesies biawak.^[5]^[6]

Tabiat[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pemakanan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kebanyakan spesies biawak karnivor hampir sepenuhnya,^[7] memangsakan serangga, krustasea, araknid, miriapod, moluska, ikan, amfibia, reptilia, burung dan mamalia. Kebanyakan spesies memakan invertebrata pada usia muda dan memakan vertebrata apabila dewasa.

Spesies-spesies biawak pokok Varanus bitatawa, Varanus mabitang dan Varanus olivaceus dari Filipina memakan buah-buahan.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*bayawak — monitor lizard, Varanus spp. (esp. V. salvator)". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Dicapai pada 14 Oktober 2022.
^ Maren Gaulke (1992). "Taxonomy and biology of Philippine water monitors (Varanus salvator)". The Philippine Journal of Science. 121 (4): 345–381.
^ Robert George Sprackland (1992). Giant lizards. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. m/s. 61. ISBN 0-86622-634-6.
^ Pianka, E.R. (1995). "Evolution of Body Size: Varanid Lizards as a Model System" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 146 (3): 398–414. doi:10.1086/285806. S2CID 85237692.
^ McCurry, Matthew R.; Mahony, Michael; Clausen, Phillip D.; Quayle, Michelle R.; Walmsley, Christopher W.; Jessop, Tim S.; Wroe, Stephen; Richards, Heather; McHenry, Colin R. (2015). "The Relationship between Cranial Structure, Biomechanical Performance and Ecological Diversity in Varanoid Lizards". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0130625. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030625M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130625. PMC 4479569. PMID 26106889.
^ Clemente, C. J.; Thompson, G. G.; Withers, P. C. (2009). "Evolutionary relationships of sprint speed in Australian varanid lizards". Journal of Zoology. 278 (4): 270–280. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00559.x.
^ Pianka, Eric R.; King, Dennis R; King, Ruth Allen (2004). Varanoid Lizards of the World. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
^ Greene, Harry W. (1986). Diet and Arboreality in the Emerald Monitor, Varanus Prasinus, with Comments on the Study of Adaptation. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. OCLC 14915452. OL 7155983M.
^ Welton, L. J.; Siler, C. D.; Bennett, D.; Diesmos, A.; Duya, M. R.; Dugay, R.; Rico, E. L. B.; Van Weerd, M.; Brown, R. M. (2010). "A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation". Biology Letters. 6 (5): 654–658. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0119. PMC 2936141. PMID 20375042.
^ Struck, U; Altenbach, AV; Gaulke, M; F, Glaw (2002). "Tracing the diet of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang by stable isotope analyses (d15N, d13C)". Naturwissenschaften. 89 (10): 470–473. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0361-8. PMID 12384723. S2CID 12091969.

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Gambar pelbagai spesies biawak yang cantik.

Rencana ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Jika anda melihat rencana yang menggunakan templat {{tunas}} ini, gantikanlah ia dengan templat tunas yang lebih spesifik.

[Blust-1] Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*bayawak — monitor lizard, Varanus spp. (esp. V. salvator)". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Dicapai pada 14 Oktober 2022.

[gaulk-2] Maren Gaulke (1992). "Taxonomy and biology of Philippine water monitors (Varanus salvator)". The Philippine Journal of Science. 121 (4): 345–381.

[Sprackland-3] Robert George Sprackland (1992). Giant lizards. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. m/s. 61. ISBN 0-86622-634-6.

[pianka1995-4] Pianka, E.R. (1995). "Evolution of Body Size: Varanid Lizards as a Model System" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 146 (3): 398–414. doi:10.1086/285806. S2CID 85237692.

[5] McCurry, Matthew R.; Mahony, Michael; Clausen, Phillip D.; Quayle, Michelle R.; Walmsley, Christopher W.; Jessop, Tim S.; Wroe, Stephen; Richards, Heather; McHenry, Colin R. (2015). "The Relationship between Cranial Structure, Biomechanical Performance and Ecological Diversity in Varanoid Lizards". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0130625. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030625M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130625. PMC 4479569. PMID 26106889.

[6] Clemente, C. J.; Thompson, G. G.; Withers, P. C. (2009). "Evolutionary relationships of sprint speed in Australian varanid lizards". Journal of Zoology. 278 (4): 270–280. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00559.x.

[7] Pianka, Eric R.; King, Dennis R; King, Ruth Allen (2004). Varanoid Lizards of the World. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

[Greene-8] Greene, Harry W. (1986). Diet and Arboreality in the Emerald Monitor, Varanus Prasinus, with Comments on the Study of Adaptation. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. OCLC 14915452. OL 7155983M.

[Welton2010-9] Welton, L. J.; Siler, C. D.; Bennett, D.; Diesmos, A.; Duya, M. R.; Dugay, R.; Rico, E. L. B.; Van Weerd, M.; Brown, R. M. (2010). "A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation". Biology Letters. 6 (5): 654–658. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0119. PMC 2936141. PMID 20375042.

[10] Struck, U; Altenbach, AV; Gaulke, M; F, Glaw (2002). "Tracing the diet of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang by stable isotope analyses (d15N, d13C)". Naturwissenschaften. 89 (10): 470–473. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0361-8. PMID 12384723. S2CID 12091969.

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