Bantuan:AFA/Jerman Baku: Perbezaan antara semakan

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|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" | [[Konsonan]]
! colspan="5" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! rowspan="2" | Contoh
! rowspan="2" | Examples !! rowspan="2" |English approximation
|-
|-
! {{abbr|DE|Jerman Baku Jerman}} !! {{abbr|AT|Jerman Baku Austria}} !! {{abbr|CH|Jerman Baku Switzerland}}
! {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}} !! {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}} !! {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''b'''ei}}<ref name="fortislenis">In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/}} are voiceless {{IPA|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} and are distinguished from {{IPA|/p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/}} only by articulatory strength ({{IPA|/v/}} is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless {{IPA|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} as well as {{IPA|[v̥]}} occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}}, often also word-initially. See [[fortis and lenis]].</ref>
| {{lang|de|'''b'''ei}}
| '''b'''all
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ç}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ç}}</big>
| {{lang|de|i'''ch''', dur'''ch'''; '''Ch'''ina ({{abbr|DE|German Standard German}})}}<ref name="dorsalfricatives">{{IPAblink|ç}} and {{IPAblink|x}} belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed {{IPA|/x/}}. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and {{IPA|/a, aː/}} and it may actually be uvular {{IPAblink|χ}}, depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with {{angbr IPA|x}}.</ref>
| {{lang|de|i'''ch''', dur'''ch'''; '''Ch'''ina ({{abbr|DE|Jerman Baku Jerman}})}}
| '''h'''ue
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|d}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|d}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''d'''ann}}
| {{lang|de|'''d'''ann}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''d'''one
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''f'''ür, '''v'''on, '''Ph'''änomen}}
| {{lang|de|'''f'''ür, '''v'''on, '''Ph'''änomen}}
| '''f'''uss
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''g'''ut}}
| {{lang|de|'''g'''ut}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''g'''uest
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''h'''at}}
| {{lang|de|'''h'''at}}
| '''h'''ut
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''J'''ahr}}, {{lang|de|'''Y'''o-'''Y'''o}}
| {{lang|de|'''J'''ahr, '''Y'''o-'''Y'''o}}
| '''y'''ard
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''k'''ann, Ta'''g''', '''c'''remen, se'''ch'''s}}
| {{lang|de|'''k'''ann, Ta'''g''',<ref name="devoicing">In German Standard German, voiced stops {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} are devoiced to {{IPA|[p, t, k]}} at the end of a syllable.</ref> '''c'''remen, se'''ch'''s}}
| '''c'''old
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''L'''eben}}
| {{lang|de|'''L'''eben}}
| '''l'''ast
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l̩}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|l̩}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Mant'''el'''}}
| {{lang|de|Mant'''el'''}}
| bott'''le'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''M'''ann}}
| {{lang|de|'''M'''ann}}
| '''m'''ust
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m̩}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|m̩}}</big>
| {{lang|de|groß'''em'''}}
| {{lang|de|groß'''em'''}}
| rhyth'''m'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''N'''ame}}
| {{lang|de|'''N'''ame}}
| '''n'''ot
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n̩}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|n̩}}</big>
| {{lang|de|beid'''en'''}}
| {{lang|de|beid'''en'''}}
| sudd'''en'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|la'''ng'''}}
| {{lang|de|la'''ng'''}}
| lo'''ng'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''P'''erson, a'''b'''}}
| {{lang|de|'''P'''erson, a'''b'''}}<ref name="devoicing" />
| '''p'''uck
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|pf}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|pf}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Pf'''effer}}
| {{lang|de|'''Pf'''effer}}
| cu'''pf'''ul
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʁ}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʁ}}</big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''r'''eden}}<ref name="r-allophones">Pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}} in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only {{IPA|[r]}}, that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, [[Bavaria]] and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant {{IPA|[ʁ]}}. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the {{IPA|/r/}} in the [[syllable coda]] is vocalized to {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} after long vowels or after all vowels (in this guide {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} is used only after long vowels, following the pronunciation dictionaries), and {{IPA|/ər/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɐ]}}.</ref>
| {{lang|de|'''r'''eden}}
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}: ''French'' '''r'''ouge<br/> {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]'' '''r'''ed
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| {{lang|de|la'''ss'''en}}, {{lang|de|Hau'''s'''}}, {{lang|de|gro'''ß'''}}
| {{lang|de|la'''ss'''en}}, {{lang|de|Hau'''s'''}}, {{lang|de|gro'''ß'''}}
| fa'''s'''t
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''sch'''on, '''S'''tadt, '''s'''pitz, '''Ch'''ampagner, '''Sk'''i}}
| {{lang|de|'''sch'''on, '''S'''tadt, '''s'''pitz, '''Ch'''ampagner, '''Sk'''i}}
| '''sh'''all
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''T'''ag, un'''d''', Sta'''dt'''}}
| {{lang|de|'''T'''ag, un'''d''', Sta'''dt'''}}<ref name="devoicing" />
| '''t'''all
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ts}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Z'''eit, Pla'''tz''', Po'''ts'''dam, '''C'''elle}}
| {{lang|de|'''Z'''eit, Pla'''tz''', Po'''ts'''dam, '''C'''elle}}
| ca'''ts'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ma'''tsch''', '''C'''ello}}
| {{lang|de|Ma'''tsch''', '''C'''ello}}
| ma'''tch'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|v}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''w'''as}}, {{lang|de|'''V'''ase}}
| {{lang|de|'''w'''as}}, {{lang|de|'''V'''ase}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''v'''anish
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big>
| {{lang|de|na'''ch'''}}
| {{lang|de|na'''ch'''}}<ref name="dorsalfricatives"/>
| ''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]'' lo'''ch'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|z}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|z}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''S'''ie}}, {{lang|de|die'''s'''e}}
| {{lang|de|'''S'''ie}}, {{lang|de|die'''s'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis"/>
| '''z'''ebra
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʔ}}</big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʔ}}</big>
| style="text-align:center; background:gray" |
| style="text-align:center; background:gray" |
| {{lang|de|beamtet}}<ref>The glottal stop occurs in [[German Standard German]]. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. [[Austrian German|Austrian]] or [[Swiss Standard German]] do not have glottal stops ({{harvnb|Krech et al.|2009|pp=236, 262}}).</ref><br />({{IPA|[bəˈʔamtət]}})
| {{lang|de|beamtet}}<br />({{IPA|[bəˈʔamtət]}})
| ''uh'''-'''oh!''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Konsonan bukan asli
! colspan="5" | Non-native consonants
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Dsch'''ungel}}, {{lang|de|Pi'''dg'''in}}<ref name="fortislenis"/><ref name="postalveolarlenis">Many speakers lack the lenis {{IPA|/ʒ/}} and replace it with its fortis counterpart {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ({{harvnb|Hall|2003|p=42}}). The same applies to the corresponding lenis {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.</ref>
| {{lang|de|'''Dsch'''ungel}}, {{lang|de|Pi'''dg'''in}}
| '''j'''ungle
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɹ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɹ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Sp'''r'''ay}}
| {{lang|de|Sp'''r'''ay}}<ref>Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.</ref>
| '''r'''ice
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''G'''enie}}, {{lang|de|Entoura'''g'''e}}
| {{lang|de|'''G'''enie}}, {{lang|de|Entoura'''g'''e}}<ref name="fortislenis"/><ref name="postalveolarlenis"/>
| plea'''s'''ure
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Tekanan (linguistik)|Tekanan]]
! colspan="5" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|de|'''Bahn'''hof'''stra'''ße}}<br />({{IPA|[ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]}})
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|de|'''Bahn'''hof'''stra'''ße}}<br />({{IPA|[ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]}})
| rowspan="2" | as in ''battleship'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|t|əl|ˌ|ʃ|ɪ|p}}
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˌ}}</big>

Semakan pada 06:03, 24 Mac 2020

Carta di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA) menggambarkan sebutan bahasa Jerman Baku dalam rencana Wikipedia. Untuk panduan dalam menambah aksara AFA ke rencana Wikipedia, lihat {{IPA-de}}.

Consonants
Jerman Austria Switzerland Examples English approximation
DE AT CH
b bei[1] ball
ç ich, durch; China (DE)[2] hue
d dann[1] done
f für, von, Phänomen fuss
ɡ gut[1] guest
h hat hut
j Jahr, Yo-Yo yard
k kann, Tag,[3] cremen, sechs cold
l Leben last
l̩ Mantel bottle
m Mann must
m̩ großem rhythm
n Name not
n̩ beiden sudden
ŋ lang long
p Person, ab[3] puck
pf Pfeffer cupful
ʁ r reden[4] DE: French rouge
AT, CH: Scottish red
s lassen, Haus, groß fast
ʃ schon, Stadt, spitz, Champagner, Ski shall
t Tag, und, Stadt[3] tall
ts Zeit, Platz, Potsdam, Celle cats
tʃ Matsch, Cello match
v was, Vase[1] vanish
x nach[2] Scottish loch
z Sie, diese[1] zebra
ʔ beamtet[5]
([bəˈʔamtət]) 		uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
dʒ Dschungel, Pidgin[1][6] jungle
ɹ Spray[7] rice
ʒ Genie, Entourage[1][6] pleasure
Stress
ˈ Bahnhofstraße
([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]) 		as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ
Vokal
Jerman Austria Switzerland Contoh
DE AT CH
Monoftong
a alles, Kalender
aː aber, sah, Staat
ɛ Ende, hätte
ɛː spät, wählen
eː eben, gehen, Meer
ɪ ist
iː liebe, Berlin, ihm
ɔ kommen
oː oder, hohe, Boot
œ öffnen
øː Österreich, Möhre, adieu
ʊ und
uː Hut, Kuh
ʏ müssen, Ypsilon
yː über, Mühe, psychisch
Diphthongs
aɪ ein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih, Speyer
aʊ auf
ɔʏ Euro, Häuser
Vokal terkurang
ɐ ər immer
ə Name
Separuh vokal
ɐ̯ r Uhr
i̯ Studie
u̯ aktuell
Vokal bukan asli
ãː Gourmand, Engagement, Restaurant, Chance
ɛ̃ː Pointe
ɛɪ̯ Mail
õː Garçon
ɔʊ̯ Code
œ̃ː Parfum
œːɐ̯ øːr Gouverneur
Vowel yang disingkatkan
ã engagieren
ɛ̃ impair
e Element
i Italien
o originell
õ foncé
œ̃ Lundist
ø Ökonom
u Universität, Souvenir
y Psychologie

See also

  • If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA. Good free IPA fonts include Gentium and Charis SIL (more complete); a monospaced font is Everson Mono which is complete; download links can be found on those pages.
  • For a guide to adding pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{IPA}} template.
  • For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
  2. ^ a b [ç] and [x] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, aː/ and it may actually be uvular [χ], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩.
  3. ^ a b c In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
  4. ^ Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels (in this guide [ɐ̯] is used only after long vowels, following the pronunciation dictionaries), and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ].
  5. ^ The glottal stop occurs in German Standard German. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. Austrian or Swiss Standard German do not have glottal stops (Krech et al. 2009, halaman 236, 262).
  6. ^ a b Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, halaman 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
  7. ^ Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.

Bibliografi

  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [Mula diterbitkan 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (ed. 2nd), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (ed. 6th), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
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