Serangan Amerika Syarikat ke atas Panama
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Serangan Amerika Syarikat ke atas Panama atau nama kodnya Operasi Just Cause, adalah satu serangan ke atas Panama yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Syarikat pada bulan Disember 1989. Ia berlaku semasa pentadbiran Presiden Amerika Syarikat George H. W. Bush, dan selepas sepuluh tahun Perjanjian Torrijos–Carter diratifikasi bagi pertukaran kawalan ke atas Terusan Panama dari Amerika Syarikat kembali kepada Panama pada tahun 2000.
Dalam serangan ini, pemimpin de facto Panama, Jeneral Manuel Noriega telah dijatuhkan, digantikan dengan Guillermo Endara dan Pasukan Bersenjata Panama dibubarkan.
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Rujukan [sunting]
- ↑ http://www.army.mil/-news/2008/12/14/14302-operation-just-cause-the-invasion-of-panama-december-1989
- ↑ The Panama Deception (1992 Academy Award Winning Documentary)
- ↑ U.S. Sued in Death of a Journalist in Panama NY Times, June 24, 1990
- ↑ 'It's Been Worth It': Bush - U.S. Troops Take Control of Panama LA Times, December 21, 1989
Bibliografi [sunting]
- New York Times, December 21, 1989, "For a Panamanian, Hope and Tragedy", Roberto Eisenmann.
Bacaan lanjut [sunting]
- Yates, Lawrence A. (2008). The U.S. Military Intervention in Panama: Origins, Planning and Crisis Managament, June 1987-December 1989 (First ed.). United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 55–1–1. http://www.history.army.mil//html/books/just_cause/index.html.
- Operation Just Cause: The Incursion into Panama, R. Cody Phillips, 2004.
Pautan luar [sunting]
- Army Aviation in Operation JUST CAUSE
- Marines In Panama:1988 - 1990
- BBC News Archive: 1989: U.S. forces oust General Noriega
- 1989 Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Panama by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights describes human rights violations by the Noriega regime before Operation Just Cause.
- How Television Sold the Panama Invasion – Extra!, January 1990; a publication of the media watch group, FAIR.
- Panama: Background of U.S. Invasion of 1989 – historical timeline.
- Operation Just Cause – an excerpt from Deterring Democracy, by Noam Chomsky.
- Photographs from the XVIII Airborne Corps History Office
- More photographs.
- Tactical map of Operation Just Cause.
- Effects of the military intervention by the United States of America in Panama on the situation in Central America - UN General Assembly Meeting 29 December 1989
- Operation Just Cause List of Oral Histories and Transcripts hosted by the United States Army Center of Military History
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