Bantuan:AFA/Jerman Baku: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Azuru79 (bincang | sumb.)
10,019 suntingan
Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '<!-- {{IPA key|H:IPA-DE|H:IPAG|sort=German}} -->Carta di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA) menggam...'
 
Azuru79 (bincang | sumb.)
10,019 suntingan
Tiada ringkasan suntingan
Baris 5: Baris 5:
|
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" | [[Konsonan]]
! colspan="4" | [[Konsonan]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! rowspan="2" | Contoh !! rowspan="2"
! rowspan="2" | Contoh
|-
|-
! {{abbr|DE|Jerman Baku Jerman}} !! {{abbr|AT|Jerman Baku Austria}} !! {{abbr|CH|Jerman Baku Switzerland}}
! {{abbr|DE|Jerman Baku Jerman}} !! {{abbr|AT|Jerman Baku Austria}} !! {{abbr|CH|Jerman Baku Switzerland}}
Baris 95: Baris 95:
| {{lang|de|beamtet}}<br />({{IPA|[bəˈʔamtət]}})
| {{lang|de|beamtet}}<br />({{IPA|[bəˈʔamtət]}})
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Konsonan bukan asli
! colspan="4" | Konsonan bukan asli
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
Baris 106: Baris 106:
| {{lang|de|'''G'''enie}}, {{lang|de|Entoura'''g'''e}}
| {{lang|de|'''G'''enie}}, {{lang|de|Entoura'''g'''e}}
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Tekanan (linguistik)|Tekanan]]
! colspan="4" | [[Tekanan (linguistik)|Tekanan]]
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ˈ}}</big>
Baris 115: Baris 115:
|
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" | [[Vokal]]
! colspan="4" | [[Vokal]]
|-
|-
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! {{flagicon|Germany}} !! {{flagicon|Austria}} || {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
! rowspan="2" | Contoh !! rowspan="2" |English approximation
! rowspan="2" | Contoh
|-
|-
!{{abbr|DE|Jerman Baku Jerman}} !! {{abbr|AT|Jerman Baku Austria}} !! {{abbr|CH|Jerman Baku Switzerland}}
!{{abbr|DE|Jerman Baku Jerman}} !! {{abbr|AT|Jerman Baku Austria}} !! {{abbr|CH|Jerman Baku Switzerland}}
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Monoftong]]
! colspan="4" | [[Monoftong]]
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|a}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|a}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''a'''lles}}, {{lang|de|K'''a'''lender}}
| {{lang|de|'''a'''lles}}, {{lang|de|K'''a'''lender}}
| f'''a'''ther, ''but short''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|aː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ä|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''a'''ber, s'''ah''', St'''aa'''t}}
| {{lang|de|'''a'''ber, s'''ah''', St'''aa'''t}}
| f'''a'''ther
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''E'''nde, h'''ä'''tte}}
| {{lang|de|'''E'''nde, h'''ä'''tte}}
| b'''e'''t
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|sp'''ä'''t, w'''äh'''len}}
| {{lang|de|sp'''ä'''t, w'''äh'''len}}
| ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' h'''air'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''e'''ben, g'''eh'''en, M'''ee'''r}}
| {{lang|de|'''e'''ben, g'''eh'''en, M'''ee'''r}}
| m'''a'''te
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''i'''st}}
| {{lang|de|'''i'''st}}
| s'''i'''t
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|l'''ie'''be, Berl'''i'''n, '''ih'''m}}
| {{lang|de|l'''ie'''be, Berl'''i'''n, '''ih'''m}}
| s'''ee'''d
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|k'''o'''mmen}}
| {{lang|de|k'''o'''mmen}}
| '''o'''ff
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''o'''der, h'''oh'''e, B'''oo'''t}}
| {{lang|de|'''o'''der, h'''oh'''e, B'''oo'''t}}
| st'''o'''ry
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|œ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|œ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''ö'''ffnen}}
| {{lang|de|'''ö'''ffnen}}
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ur'''t
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|øː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|øː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''sterreich}}, {{lang|de|M'''öh'''re}}, {{lang|de|adi'''eu'''}}
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''sterreich}}, {{lang|de|M'''öh'''re}}, {{lang|de|adi'''eu'''}}
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ear'''d
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''u'''nd}}
| {{lang|de|'''u'''nd}}
| p'''u'''sh
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|H'''u'''t, K'''uh'''}}
| {{lang|de|H'''u'''t, K'''uh'''}}
| tr'''ue'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʏ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ʏ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|m'''ü'''ssen, '''Y'''psilon}}
| {{lang|de|m'''ü'''ssen, '''Y'''psilon}}
| ''somewhat like'' c'''u'''te
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|yː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|yː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''ü'''ber, M'''üh'''e, ps'''y'''chisch}}
| {{lang|de|'''ü'''ber, M'''üh'''e, ps'''y'''chisch}}
| ''somewhat like'' f'''ew'''
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Diphthong]]s
! colspan="4" | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''ei'''n, K'''ai'''ser, H'''ay'''dn, Verl'''eih''', Sp'''ey'''er}}
| {{lang|de|'''ei'''n, K'''ai'''ser, H'''ay'''dn, Verl'''eih''', Sp'''ey'''er}}
| h'''igh'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|aʊ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|aʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''au'''f}}
| {{lang|de|'''au'''f}}
| v'''ow'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔʏ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔʏ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Eu'''ro, H'''äu'''ser}}
| {{lang|de|'''Eu'''ro, H'''äu'''ser}}
| ''roughly like'' ch'''oi'''ce
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Pengurangan vokal|Vokal terkurang]]
! colspan="4" | [[Pengurangan vokal|Vokal terkurang]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}</big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɐ}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ər}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ər}}</big>
| {{lang|de|imm'''er'''}}
| {{lang|de|imm'''er'''}}
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}, {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: fr'''u'''stration<ref name="schwas">As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid {{IPAblink|ə}} and open {{IPAblink|ɐ}} schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as ''bal'''a'''nce'', ''cann'''o'''n'' and ''chairm'''a'''n'' and the latter variably in ''sof'''a''''', ''Chin'''a''''' (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in '''''a'''go'' and '''''a'''gain'', but one needs to remember that Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}} has no such free variation and is always open, just as {{IPAblink|ə}} is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in words such as ''fr'''u'''stration'' and ''j'''u'''sticiable'' is a perfect replacement for Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.</ref>
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Nam'''e'''}}
| {{lang|de|Nam'''e'''}}
| bal'''a'''nce (but not sof'''a''')<ref name="schwas"/>
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Separuh vokal]]
! colspan="4" | [[Separuh vokal]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɐ̯}}</big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɐ̯}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Uh'''r'''}}
| {{lang|de|Uh'''r'''}}
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}, {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: sof'''a'''<br/>{{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' fa'''r'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i̯}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Stud'''i'''e}}
| {{lang|de|Stud'''i'''e}}
| '''y'''ard
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u̯}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|akt'''u'''ell}}
| {{lang|de|akt'''u'''ell}}
| '''w'''ould
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Vokal bukan asli
! colspan="4" | Vokal bukan asli
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ãː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ãː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Gourm'''and'''}}, {{lang|de|Engagem'''ent'''}}, {{lang|de|Restaur'''ant'''}}, {{lang|de|Ch'''an'''ce}}
| {{lang|de|Gourm'''and'''}}, {{lang|de|Engagem'''ent'''}}, {{lang|de|Restaur'''ant'''}}, {{lang|de|Ch'''an'''ce}}
| ''French'' Prov'''en'''ce
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Po'''in'''te}}
| {{lang|de|Po'''in'''te}}
| ''French'' qu'''in'''ze
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛɪ̯}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɛɪ̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|M'''ai'''l}}
| {{lang|de|M'''ai'''l}}
| ''roughly like'' f'''a'''ce
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|õː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|õː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Garç'''on'''}}
| {{lang|de|Garç'''on'''}}
| ''French'' Le M'''on'''de
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔʊ̯}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɔʊ̯}}</big>
| {{lang|de|C'''o'''de}}
| {{lang|de|C'''o'''de}}
| ''American'' g'''oa'''t
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|œ̃ː}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|œ̃ː}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Parf'''um'''}}
| {{lang|de|Parf'''um'''}}
| ''French'' empr'''un'''te
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|œːɐ̯}}</big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|œːɐ̯}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|øːr}}</big>
| style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA|øːr}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Gouvern'''eur'''}}
| {{lang|de|Gouvern'''eur'''}}
| ''roughly like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' b'''ir'''d
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Vowel yang disingkatkan
! colspan="4" | Vowel yang disingkatkan
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ã}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ã}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''en'''gagieren}}
| {{lang|de|'''en'''gagieren}}
| ''French'' ch'''an'''son
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''im'''pair}}
| {{lang|de|'''im'''pair}}
| ''French'' v'''ing'''t-et-un
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|e}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|e}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''E'''l'''e'''ment}}
| {{lang|de|'''E'''l'''e'''ment}}
| ''roughly like'' dr'''e'''ss
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''I'''talien}}
| {{lang|de|'''I'''talien}}
| s'''ea'''t
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|o}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|o}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''o'''riginell}}
| {{lang|de|'''o'''riginell}}
| st'''o'''ry, ''but short''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|õ}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|õ}}</big>
| {{lang|de|f'''on'''cé}}
| {{lang|de|f'''on'''cé}}
| ''French'' M'''on'''t Blanc
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|œ̃}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|œ̃}}</big>
| {{lang|de|L'''un'''dist}}
| {{lang|de|L'''un'''dist}}
| ''French'' vingt-et-'''un'''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ø}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|ø}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''konom}}
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''konom}}
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ur'''t
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{lang|de|'''U'''niversität}}, {{lang|de|S'''ou'''venir}}
| {{lang|de|'''U'''niversität}}, {{lang|de|S'''ou'''venir}}
| tr'''u'''th
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <big>{{IPA link|y}}</big>
| {{lang|de|Ps'''y'''chologie}}
| {{lang|de|Ps'''y'''chologie}}
| ''like'' m'''ee'''t, ''but with the lips rounded''
|}
|}
|}
|}

Semakan pada 06:02, 24 Mac 2020

Carta di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA) menggambarkan sebutan bahasa Jerman Baku dalam rencana Wikipedia. Untuk panduan dalam menambah aksara AFA ke rencana Wikipedia, lihat {{IPA-de}}.

Konsonan
Jerman Austria Switzerland Contoh
DE AT CH
b bei
ç ich, durch; China (DE)
d dann
f für, von, Phänomen
ɡ gut
h hat
j Jahr, Yo-Yo
k kann, Tag, cremen, sechs
l Leben
l̩ Mantel
m Mann
m̩ großem
n Name
n̩ beiden
ŋ lang
p Person, ab
pf Pfeffer
ʁ r reden
s lassen, Haus, groß
ʃ schon, Stadt, spitz, Champagner, Ski
t Tag, und, Stadt
ts Zeit, Platz, Potsdam, Celle
tʃ Matsch, Cello
v was, Vase
x nach
z Sie, diese
ʔ beamtet
([bəˈʔamtət])
Konsonan bukan asli
dʒ Dschungel, Pidgin
ɹ Spray
ʒ Genie, Entourage
Tekanan
ˈ Bahnhofstraße
([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])
ˌ
Vokal
Jerman Austria Switzerland Contoh
DE AT CH
Monoftong
a alles, Kalender
aː aber, sah, Staat
ɛ Ende, hätte
ɛː spät, wählen
eː eben, gehen, Meer
ɪ ist
iː liebe, Berlin, ihm
ɔ kommen
oː oder, hohe, Boot
œ öffnen
øː Österreich, Möhre, adieu
ʊ und
uː Hut, Kuh
ʏ müssen, Ypsilon
yː über, Mühe, psychisch
Diphthongs
aɪ ein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih, Speyer
aʊ auf
ɔʏ Euro, Häuser
Vokal terkurang
ɐ ər immer
ə Name
Separuh vokal
ɐ̯ r Uhr
i̯ Studie
u̯ aktuell
Vokal bukan asli
ãː Gourmand, Engagement, Restaurant, Chance
ɛ̃ː Pointe
ɛɪ̯ Mail
õː Garçon
ɔʊ̯ Code
œ̃ː Parfum
œːɐ̯ øːr Gouverneur
Vowel yang disingkatkan
ã engagieren
ɛ̃ impair
e Element
i Italien
o originell
õ foncé
œ̃ Lundist
ø Ökonom
u Universität, Souvenir
y Psychologie

See also

  • If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA. Good free IPA fonts include Gentium and Charis SIL (more complete); a monospaced font is Everson Mono which is complete; download links can be found on those pages.
  • For a guide to adding pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{IPA}} template.
  • For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.

Notes

Bibliografi

  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [Mula diterbitkan 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (ed. 2nd), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (ed. 6th), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
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