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Tinggi manusia

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.

Ketinggian manusia ialah jarak dari tapak kaki sehingga ke atas kepala dalam kedudukan berdiri secara tegak iaitu berdiri secara menegak.

Ketinggian purata serata dunia

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Negara/Kawasan Ketinggian purata lelaki Ketinggian purata perempuan Sampel populasi/
julat umur		 Metodologi Tahun Rujukan
Argentina174 cm (5 ka 9 in)161 cm (5 ka 3 in)19Diukur1998 - 2001[1]
Australia174 cm (5 ka 9 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)18 +Diukur1995[2]
Australia178 cm (5 ka 10 in)164 cm (5 ka 5 in)18 - 24Diukur1995[2]
Austria179 cm (5 ka 10 in)167 cm (5 ka 6 in)21 - 25Laporan sendiri1997 - 2002[3]
Azerbaijan171 cm (5 ka 7 in)165 cm (5 ka 5 in)16 +Diukur2005[4]
Bahrain165 cm (5 ka 5 in)154 cm (5 ka 1 in)19 +Diukur2002[5]
Belgium179 cm (5 ka 10 in)167 cm (5 ka 6 in)21 - 25Laporan sendiri1997 - 2002[3]
Brazil169 cm (5 ka 7 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)21 - 65Diukur2003[6][7]
Bulgaria175 cm (5 ka 9 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)Diukur2010

[8]

Cameroon170 cm (5 ka 7 in)161 cm (5 ka 3 in)Dewasa urbanDiukur2003[9]
Kanada173 cm (5 ka 8 in)159 cm (5 ka 3 in)25 +Diukur2005[10]
Kanada176 cm (5 ka 9 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)25 - 44Diukur2005[10]
Chile169 cm (5 ka 7 in)155 cm (5 ka 1 in)17 dan selesaiDiukur2003[11]
Cina (RRC)170 cm (5 ka 7 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)Urban, 17Diukur2002[12]
Cina (RRC)166 cm (5 ka 5 in)157 cm (5 ka 2 in)Pedalaman, 17Diukur2002[12]
Colombia170 cm (5 ka 7 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)18 - 22Diukur2002[13]
Côte d’Ivoire170 cm (5 ka 7 in)159 cm (5 ka 3 in)25 - 29Diukur1985 - 1987[14]
Denmark180 cm (5 ka 11 in)Askar kerahan, 18 - 19Diukur2006[15]
Estonia179 cm (5 ka 10 in)172003[16]
Finland180 cm (5 ka 11 in)166 cm (5 ka 5 in)25 - 34Laporan sendiri2004[17]
Perancis174 cm (5 ka 9 in)161 cm (5 ka 3 in)20 +Diukur2001[18]
Perancis177 cm (5 ka 10 in)164 cm (5 ka 5 in)20 - 29Diukur2001[18]
Ghana169 cm (5 ka 7 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)25 - 29Diukur1987 - 1989[14]
Gambia168 cm (5 ka 6 in)157 cm (5 ka 2 in)Pedalaman, 21 - 49Diukur1950 - 1974[19]
Germany178 cm (5 ka 10 in)165 cm (5 ka 5 in)Orang dewasaLaporan sendiri2005[20]
Jerman181 cm (5 ka 11 in)167 cm (5 ka 6 in)18 - 19Laporan sendiri2005[20]
Greece178 cm (5 ka 10 in)Askar kerahan, 18 - 26Diukur2006 - 2007[21]
Hong Kong171 cm (5 ka 7 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)18Diukur2006[22]
Hungary176 cm (5 ka 9 in)164 cm (5 ka 5 in)Orang dewasaDiukur2000[23]
India164 cm (5 ka 5 in)152 cm (5 ka 0 in)20Diukur2005 - 2006[24][25]
India161 cm (5 ka 3 in)152 cm (5 ka 0 in)Pedalaman, 17 +Diukur2007[26]
Indonesia167 cm (5 ka 6 in)160 cm (5 ka 3 in)17 +Laporan sendiri1997[27]
Indonesia - Jawa Timur167 cm (5 ka 6 in)161 cm (5 ka 3 in)Urban, 19 - 23Diukur1995[28]
Iran170 cm (5 ka 7 in)157 cm (5 ka 2 in)21 +Diukur2005[29]
Iran173 cm (5 ka 8 in)159 cm (5 ka 3 in)21 - 25Diukur2005[29]
Iraq - Baghdad165 cm (5 ka 5 in)155 cm (5 ka 1 in)18 - 44Diukur1999 - 2000[30]
Ireland177 cm (5 ka 10 in)164 cm (5 ka 5 in)21 - 25Laporan sendiri1997 - 2002[3]
Palestine175 cm (5 ka 9 in)162 cm (5 ka 4 in)21Diukur1980 - 2000[31]
Itali180 cm (5 ka 11 in)166 cm (5 ka 5 in)18 - 242016[32]
Jamaica171 cm (5 ka 7 in)160 cm (5 ka 3 in)25 - 74Diukur1994 - 1996

[33]

Jepun171 cm (5 ka 7 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)19Diukur2006[34]
Lithuania181 cm (5 ka 11 in)167 cm (5 ka 6 in)18Diukur2005[35]
Malaysia164 cm (5 ka 5 in)153 cm (5 ka 0 in)20 +Diukur1996[36]
Malta169 cm (5 ka 7 in)159 cm (5 ka 3 in)Orang dewasaLaporan sendiri2003[37]
Malta175 cm (5 ka 9 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)25 - 34Laporan sendiri2003[37]
Malawi166 cm (5 ka 5 in)155 cm (5 ka 1 in)Urban, 16 - 60Diukur2000[38]
Mali171 cm (5 ka 7 in)160 cm (5 ka 3 in)Dewasa pedalamanDiukur1992[39]
Mexico - Morelos167 cm (5 ka 6 in)155 cm (5 ka 1 in)Orang dewasaLaporan sendiri1998[40]
Mexico163 cm (5 ka 4 in)151 cm (4 ka 11 in)50 +Diukur2001[41]
Mongolia168 cm (5 ka 6 in)157 cm (5 ka 2 in)25 - 34Diukur2006[42]
Netherlands180 cm (5 ka 11 in)167 cm (5 ka 6 in)20 +Laporan sendiri2008[43]
Netherlands184 cm (6 ka 0 in)170 cm (5 ka 7 in)25 - 34Laporan sendiri2008[43]
New Zealand177 cm (5 ka 10 in)165 cm (5 ka 5 in)19 - 45Estimates1993 - 2007[44]
New Zealand174 cm (5 ka 9 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)45 - 65Estimates1993 - 2007[44]
Nigeria163 cm (5 ka 4 in)157 cm (5 ka 2 in)18 - 74Diukur1994 - 1996

[33]

Norway179 cm (5 ka 10 in)167 cm (5 ka 6 in)Askar kerahan, 18 - 19Diukur2008[45]
Peru164 cm (5 ka 5 in)151 cm (4 ka 11 in)20 +Diukur2005[46]
Palestin180 cm (5 ka 11 in)166 cm (5 ka 5 in)25 - 34Laporan sendiri2004[47]
Filipina161 cm (5 ka 3 in)150 cm (4 ka 11 in)20 +Diukur2003[48]
Filipina163 cm (5 ka 4 in)151 cm (4 ka 11 in)20 - 39Diukur2003[48]
Portugal172 cm (5 ka 8 in)Askar kerahan, 21Diukur1998 - 1999[49]
Singapura170 cm (5 ka 7 in)160 cm (5 ka 3 in)17 - 252003[50]
South Africa169 sentimeter (5 ka 7 in)159 cm (5 ka 3 in)25 - 34Diukur1998[51]
Korea Selatan173 cm (5 ka 8 in)161 cm (5 ka 3 in)19Diukur2006[52]
Sepanyol180 cm (5 ka 11 in)165 cm (5 ka 5 in)18 - 242016<>
Sepanyol178 cm (5 ka 10 in)165 cm (5 ka 5 in)21Diukur1998 - 2000[53]
Sweden177 cm (5 ka 10 in)164 cm (5 ka 5 in)20 - 74[54]
Sweden181 cm (5 ka 11 in)166 cm (5 ka 5 in)20 - 29Diukur2008[55]
Switzerland175 cm (5 ka 9 in)164 cm (5 ka 5 in)20 - 74[54]
Switzerland178 cm (5 ka 10 in)Askar kerahan, 18 - 21Diukur2005[56]
Thailand167 cm (5 ka 6 in)157 cm (5 ka 2 in)Penuntut STOULaporan sendiri1991 - 1995[57]
Turki - Ankara174 cm (5 ka 9 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)18 - 59Diukur2004 - 2006[58]
Turki - Ankara176 cm (5 ka 9 in)162 cm (5 ka 4 in)18 - 29Diukur2004 - 2006[58]
Turki - Edirne173 cm (5 ka 8 in)161 cm (5 ka 3 in)17Diukur2001[59]
United Kingdom177 cm (5 ka 10 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)25 - 34Diukur2007[60]
United Kingdom175 sentimeter (5 ka 9 in)161 cm (5 ka 3 in)Orang dewasaDiukur2007[60]
USA176 cm (5 ka 9 in)162 cm (5 ka 4 in)Keseluruhan, 20+Diukur2003 - 2006[61]
USA177 cm (5 ka 10 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)Keseluruhan, 20 - 29Diukur2003 - 2006[61]
USA178 cm (5 ka 10 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)Orang kulit putih, 20 - 39Diukur2003 - 2006[61]
USA176 cm (5 ka 9 in)163 cm (5 ka 4 in)Afro-Amerika, 20 - 39Diukur2003 - 2006[61]
USA170 cm (5 ka 7 in)158 cm (5 ka 2 in)Mexico-Amerika, 20 - 39Diukur2003 - 2006[61]
Vietnam165 cm (5 ka 5 in)153 cm (5 ka 0 in)RemajaDiukur2004[62]
Vietnam162 cm (5 ka 4 in)152 cm (5 ka 0 in)25 - 29Diukur1992 - 1993[14]

Lihat juga

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Rujukan

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  1. ↑ del Pino, Mariana; Bay, Luisa; Lejarraga, Horacio; Kovalskys, Irina; Berner, Enrique; Herscovici, Cecile Rausch (2005). "Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años: las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes". Archivos argentinos de pediatría (dalam bahasa Spanish). 103 (4): 323–30.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. 1 2 ABS How Australians Measure Up 1995 data
  3. 1 2 3 http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1002.pdf The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe
  4. ↑ Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, 2005
  5. ↑ "NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-11-11. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
  6. ↑ IBGE(2005)
  7. ↑ Folha de SP
  8. ↑ http://www.bnews.bg/article-4821
  9. ↑ Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya JC (2006). "Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey". BMC Public Health. 6: 228. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-228. PMC 1579217. PMID 16970806.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. 1 2 Methodological Issues in Anthropometry: Laporan sendiri versus Diukur Height and Weight, by Margot Shields, Sarah Connor Gorber, Mark S. Tremblay
  11. ↑ "National Health Survey 2004 (p. 161)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2009-01-17. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
  12. 1 2 Yang XG, Li YP, Ma GS; dll. (2005). "[Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (dalam bahasa Chinese). 26 (7): 489–93. PMID 16334998. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  13. ↑ A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY: A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING, COLOMBIA 1910 - 2002 *
  14. 1 2 3 "Productive Benefits of Improving Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries, T. Paul Schultz*". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-03-04. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
  15. ↑ DST Statistical Yearbook 2007
  16. ↑ Lintsi M, Kaarma H (2006). "Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries". Economics and Human Biology. 4 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.007. PMID 15993666. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
  17. ↑ "National Public Health Institute (Finland)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-10-29. Dicapai pada 2005-10-29.
  18. 1 2 La taille des hommes : son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle - INSEE
  19. ↑ "Rebecca Sear" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2007-06-10. Dicapai pada 2007-06-10.
  20. 1 2 "Households, families and health - Results of the Microcensus 2005" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2009-04-19. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
  21. ↑ Papadimitriou A, Fytanidis G, Douros K, Papadimitriou DT, Nicolaidou P, Fretzayas A (2008). "Greek young men grow taller". Acta Paediatrica. 97 (8): 1105–7. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00855.x. PMID 18477057. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Secular changes in height, weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children
  23. ↑ "Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2020-03-28. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
  24. ↑ Angus Deaton, 2008
  25. ↑ Times of India
  26. ↑ Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K (2002). "Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 (11): 1119–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601457. PMID 12428178. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Indonesia Family Life Survey,1997
  28. ↑ Youth Profile in Some Suburban Areas In East Java (Preliminary Survey of The Indonesian Youth Stature at The Fiftieth Anniversary of Indonesia)
  29. 1 2 http://diglib.tums.ac.ir/pub/magmng/pdf/6079.pdf Diarkibkan 2012-02-27 di Wayback Machine Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984
  30. ↑ http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/fnb23-4.pdf Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad,Iraq,Haifa Tawfeek
  31. ↑ Mandel D, Zimlichman E, Mimouni FB, Grotto I, Kreiss Y (2004). "Height-related changes in body mass index: a reappraisal". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 23 (1): 51–4. PMID 14963053. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ A century of trends in huan height, anno 2006, 26.7.2016
  33. 1 2 Okosun IS, Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Osotimehin B, Forrester T (1998). "Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians, Jamaicans, and African-Americans". Diabetes Care. 21 (11): 1836–42. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.11.1836. PMID 9802730. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Official Statistics by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology[pautan mati kekal]
  35. ↑ 136. Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians. Tutkuviene J.
  36. ↑ "Distribution of Body Weight, Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Orang dewasa" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2004-02-05. Dicapai pada 2004-02-05.
  37. 1 2 2003 study Diarkibkan 2013-09-28 di Wayback Machine. A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results - the average Maltese person is 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) compared to the EU average of 169 cm (5 ka 7 in).
  38. ↑ Msamati BC, Igbigbi PS (2000). "Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians". East African Medical Journal. 77 (7): 364–8. PMID 12862154. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
  39. ↑ Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali,Katherine A. Dettwyler[pautan mati kekal]
  40. ↑ Indice de masa corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en una población adulta mexicana: la precisión del autorreporte
  41. ↑ "Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-04-02. Dicapai pada 2005-04-02.
  42. ↑
  43. 1 2 Zelfgerapporteerde medische consumptie, gezondheid en leefstijl, Central Bureau of Statistics, 16 March 2009, accessed 6 October 2009
  44. 1 2 (page 60) Size and Shape of New Zealanders: NZ Norms for Anthropometric Data 1993****. Based on British norms and their relations to New Zealand values
  45. ↑ http://www.ssb.no/english/yearbook/tab/tab-106.html Statistics Norway
  46. ↑ Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005
  47. ↑ "National Public Health Institute (Palestine)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-10-29. Dicapai pada 2005-10-29.
  48. 1 2 "6th National Nutrition Survey" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2011-08-16. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
  49. ↑ "Tendências do Peso em Portugal no Final do Século XX" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2007-10-09. Dicapai pada 2007-10-09.
  50. ↑ Deurenberg et al. 2003
  51. ↑ "SADHS(1998)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2003-08-25. Dicapai pada 2003-08-25.
  52. ↑ Korea.net
  53. ↑
  54. 1 2 Cavelaars et al 2000.
  55. ↑ "Dagens Nyheter (2008-02-29)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-06-11. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
  56. ↑ Rühli FJ, Henneberg M, Schaer DJ, Imhof A, Schleiffenbaum B, Woitek U (2008). "Determinants of inter-individual cholesterol level variation in an unbiased young male sample". Swiss Medical Weekly. 138 (19–20): 286–91. doi:2008/19/smw-11971. PMID 18491242. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (bantuan); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ↑ "Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University-Health Research Project" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2006-08-20. Dicapai pada 2006-08-20.
  58. 1 2 Özer, Basak Koca (2008). "Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults". Anthropological Science. 116: 191. doi:10.1537/ase.061213.
  59. ↑ Oner N, Vatansever U, Sari A; dll. (2004). "Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in Turkish adolescents". Swiss Medical Weekly. 134 (35–36): 529–33. doi:2004/35/smw-10740. PMID 15517506. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. 1 2 Health Survey for England 2007
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Orang dewasa 2003 - 2006
  62. ↑ http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Sua-cho-tre-tho/45111173/157/

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