Bantuan:AFA/Sweden: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Carta di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA) menggambarkan sebutan bahasa Sweden dalam rencana Wikipedia. Untuk panduan dalam membubuh aksara AFA ke rencana Wikipedia, lihat {{AFA-sv}}.

Sebutan Sweden adalah berpandukan kepada Bahasa Sweden Baku Tengah, sementara sebutan Finland kepada sebutan Helsinki. Rakaman dan alih susunan contoh dalam bantuan ini adalah mengikut bahasa Sweden Sweden, melainkan The Sweden pronunciation is based primarily on Central Standard Swedish, and the Finland one on Helsinki pronunciation. Recordings and example transcriptions in this help are in Sweden Swedish, unless otherwise noted.

See Swedish phonology and Swedish alphabet § Sound–spelling correspondences for a more thorough look at the sounds of Swedish.

Consonants
AFA		Contoh
SWE	FIN	Contoh
b		bok
ɕ	tɕ	kjol, tjock, kön
d		dop
ɖ	rd	nord^[1]
f		fot
ɡ		god
h		hot
ɧ	ʃ	sju, stjärna, skör, station, pension, geni, choklad^[2]
j		jord, genom, Göteborg
k		kon
l		lov
ɭ	rl	kärl^[1]
m		mod
n		nod
ɳ	rn	barn^[1]
ŋ		lång
p		pol
r		rov^[3]
s		sot
ʂ	rs	torsdag^[1]
t		tok
ʈ	rt	parti^[1]
v		våt

Rare sounds
AFA	Contoh
w	Wales
aː	Zlatan, Bratislava

Vowels
AFA		Contoh
SWE	Templat:Country data Swedish-speaking Finns FIN	Contoh
a	ɑ	matt
ɑː		mat
æ		värk, verk^[4]
æː		ära^[4]
eː		fet
ɛ	e	häll, fett
ɛː	eː	häl
ɪ	i	sill
iː		sil
ɔ	o	moll^[5]
oː		mål^[5]
œ	ø	nött^[5]
œ	œ	börja^[4]^[5]
œː		öra^[4]^[5]
øː		nöt^[5]
ɵ	ʉ	full, musik^[5]^[6]
ʉ	ʉ	duell, känguru^[5]^[6]^[7]
ʉː		ful^[5]^[8]
ʊ	u	bott^[5]
uː		bot^[5]
ʏ	y	syll^[5]^[7]
yː		syl^[5]^[8]

Suprasegmentals
AFA		Contoh	Keterangan
SWE	Templat:Country data Swedish-speaking Finns FIN	Contoh	Keterangan
ˈ◌̌	ˈ◌	anden [ˈǎnːdɛn] 'the duck'	tone 1 / acute accent:^[9] rising-falling tone in Stockholm: [ˈǎnːdɛ̂n] (bantuan·info) low-rising tone in Gothenburg: [ˈànːdɛ̌n] falling-low tone in Malmö: [ˈânːdɛ̀n]
ˈ◌̂	ˈ◌	anden [ˈânːdɛn] 'the spirit'	tone 2 / grave accent:^[9] falling-falling tone in Stockholm: [ˈânːdɛ̂n] (bantuan·info) falling-rising tone in Gothenburg: [ˈânːdɛ̌n] rising-falling tone in Malmö: [ˈǎnːdɛ̂n]
ˌ		Oxenstierna [ˈʊ̂ksɛnˌɧæːɳa]	secondary stress, as in intonation
ː		Helsingfors [hɛlsɪŋˈfɔʂː] (bantuan·info)	geminated consonant: fresh shrimp^[10]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realisations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern Swedish, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt]. In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.
^ Sweden Swedish /ɧ/ varies regionally and is sometimes [xʷ], [ɸˠ], or [ʂ].
^ /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced alveolar or similarly (a trilled r when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a tapped r or an alveolar approximant) in virtually all dialects (most consistently [r] in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is uvular, similar to the Parisian French r. At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative [ʐ], similar to in English genre or vision.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ are lowered to [æ] and [æː], whereas the rounded /œ/ and /øː/ are lowered to open-mid [œ] and [œː]. For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid [œ˔] and the open-mid [œ], with both being transcribed as ⟨œ⟩. Note that younger speakers use lower allophones [ɶ] and [ɶː].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m In Sweden, [ɔ, oː, œ, œː, øː, ʏ, yː] are protruded vowels, while [ɵ, ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː] are compressed. Instead, [œ, œː, ø, øː, ʉ, ʉː, y, yː] are compressed, while only [o, oː, u, uː] are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish [y] and [yː] sound closer to Sweden Swedish [ʉ] and [ʉː], which are also fronted, rather than to their respective counterparts.
^ ^a ^b
[ɵ] and [ʉ] are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme /ɵ/ (stressed /ɵ/ is always realized as [ɵ]):
- [ɵ] is used in all closed syllables (as in kulturcode: sv is deprecated [kɵlˈtʉːr] (bantuan·info)) but also in some open syllables, as in musikalcode: sv is deprecated [mɵsɪˈkɑːl]. Some cases involve resyllabification caused by retroflexion, which makes the syllable open, as in kurtisancode: sv is deprecated [kɵʈɪˈsɑːn];
- [ʉ] appears only in open syllables. In some cases, [ʉ] is the only possible realization, as in kängurucode: sv is deprecated [ˈɕɛ̌ŋːɡʉrʉ], such as when /ɵ/ appears in hiatus, as in duellcode: sv is deprecated [dʉˈɛlː];
- In other cases, [ɵ] is in free variation with [ʉ] so musikcode: sv is deprecated can be pronounced as [mɵˈsiːk] (bantuan·info) or [mʉˈsiːk] (Riad (2014:28-29)). For simplicity, only ⟨ɵ⟩ will be used.
^ ^a ^b
The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [ʏ] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Sweden Swedish compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩] (bantuan·info));
- Sweden Swedish protruded [ʏ] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Norwegian protruded [ʏ] (as in nytt [nʏtː]).
^ ^a ^b
The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Sweden Swedish compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩] (bantuan·info));
- Sweden Swedish protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Norwegian protruded [yː] (as in lys [lyːs]).
^ ^a ^b Finland Swedish, as well as a few accents of Mainland Sweden, have a simple primary stress (transcribed as ⟨ˈ⟩) rather than a contrastive pitch accent. In such accents, a word like anden is always pronounced as [ˈɑnːden] regardless of its meaning. The variety of Swedish spoken on the Åland Islands usually resembles phonetically speaking the dialects of the Uppland area rather than other Finland Swedish varieties, but the pitch accent is still largely missing.
^ Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic geminate.

Bibliografi

Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, m/s. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Reuter, Mikael (1971), "Vokalerna i finlandsvenska: En instrumentell analys och ett försök till systematisering enligt särdrag", Studier i nordisk filologi (dalam bahasa Swedish), Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 46: 240–249CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1

Pautan luar

Lexin

[retroflex-1] In many of the dialects that have an apical rhotic consonant, a recursive sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realisations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern Swedish, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt]. In Finland Swedish, retroflexion might only occur in some varieties, especially among young speakers and in fast speech.

[2] Sweden Swedish /ɧ/ varies regionally and is sometimes [xʷ], [ɸˠ], or [ʂ].

[3] /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is pronounced alveolar or similarly (a trilled r when articulated clearly or in slow or formal speech; in normal speech, usually a tapped r or an alveolar approximant) in virtually all dialects (most consistently [r] in Finland), but in South Swedish dialects, it is uvular, similar to the Parisian French r. At the beginning of a syllable, it can also be pronounced as a fricative [ʐ], similar to in English genre or vision.

[rhotic-4] Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: the unrounded vowels /ɛ/ and /ɛː/ are lowered to [æ] and [æː], whereas the rounded /œ/ and /øː/ are lowered to open-mid [œ] and [œː]. For simplicity, no distinction is made between the mid [œ˔] and the open-mid [œ], with both being transcribed as ⟨œ⟩. Note that younger speakers use lower allophones [ɶ] and [ɶː].

[roundedness-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m In Sweden, [ɔ, oː, œ, œː, øː, ʏ, yː] are protruded vowels, while [ɵ, ʉ, ʉː, ʊ, uː] are compressed. Instead, [œ, œː, ø, øː, ʉ, ʉː, y, yː] are compressed, while only [o, oː, u, uː] are protruded in Finland. This makes Finland Swedish [y] and [yː] sound closer to Sweden Swedish [ʉ] and [ʉː], which are also fronted, rather than to their respective counterparts.

[shortu-6] [ɵ] and [ʉ] are the Sweden Swedish unstressed allophones of a single phoneme /ɵ/ (stressed /ɵ/ is always realized as [ɵ]):

[ɵ] is used in all closed syllables (as in kulturcode: sv is deprecated [kɵlˈtʉːr] (bantuan·info)) but also in some open syllables, as in musikalcode: sv is deprecated [mɵsɪˈkɑːl]. Some cases involve resyllabification caused by retroflexion, which makes the syllable open, as in kurtisancode: sv is deprecated [kɵʈɪˈsɑːn];

[ʉ] appears only in open syllables. In some cases, [ʉ] is the only possible realization, as in kängurucode: sv is deprecated [ˈɕɛ̌ŋːɡʉrʉ], such as when /ɵ/ appears in hiatus, as in duellcode: sv is deprecated [dʉˈɛlː];

In other cases, [ɵ] is in free variation with [ʉ] so musikcode: sv is deprecated can be pronounced as [mɵˈsiːk] (bantuan·info) or [mʉˈsiːk] (Riad (2014:28-29)). For simplicity, only ⟨ɵ⟩ will be used.

[7] [ɵ] is used in all closed syllables (as in kulturcode: sv is deprecated [kɵlˈtʉːr] (bantuan·info)) but also in some open syllables, as in musikalcode: sv is deprecated [mɵsɪˈkɑːl]. Some cases involve resyllabification caused by retroflexion, which makes the syllable open, as in kurtisancode: sv is deprecated [kɵʈɪˈsɑːn];

[8] [ʉ] appears only in open syllables. In some cases, [ʉ] is the only possible realization, as in kängurucode: sv is deprecated [ˈɕɛ̌ŋːɡʉrʉ], such as when /ɵ/ appears in hiatus, as in duellcode: sv is deprecated [dʉˈɛlː];

[9] In other cases, [ɵ] is in free variation with [ʉ] so musikcode: sv is deprecated can be pronounced as [mɵˈsiːk] (bantuan·info) or [mʉˈsiːk] (Riad (2014:28-29)). For simplicity, only ⟨ɵ⟩ will be used.

[closerounded1-7] The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [ʏ] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Sweden Swedish compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩] (bantuan·info));

Sweden Swedish protruded [ʏ] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Norwegian protruded [ʏ] (as in nytt [nʏtː]).

[11] Sweden Swedish compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩] (bantuan·info));

[12] Sweden Swedish protruded [ʏ] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Norwegian protruded [ʏ] (as in nytt [nʏtː]).

[closerounded2-8] The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Sweden Swedish compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩] (bantuan·info));

Sweden Swedish protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Norwegian protruded [yː] (as in lys [lyːs]).

[14] Sweden Swedish compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩] (bantuan·info));

[15] Sweden Swedish protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Norwegian protruded [yː] (as in lys [lyːs]).

[finlandtonemes-9] Finland Swedish, as well as a few accents of Mainland Sweden, have a simple primary stress (transcribed as ⟨ˈ⟩) rather than a contrastive pitch accent. In such accents, a word like anden is always pronounced as [ˈɑnːden] regardless of its meaning. The variety of Swedish spoken on the Åland Islands usually resembles phonetically speaking the dialects of the Uppland area rather than other Finland Swedish varieties, but the pitch accent is still largely missing.

[10] Consonants always tend to geminate after a stressed short vowel in Sweden Swedish. In Finland, this is not always true and between vowels usually only happens when the short vowel is followed by an orthographic geminate.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

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