Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh

Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh; মুক্তিযুদ্ধ; (Muktijuddho)
	Sebahagian daripada konflik India-Pakistan dan Perang Dingin
	; Ikut arah jam dari kiri atas: Peringatan Cendekiawan Syahid; Meriam katak Tentera Bangladesh; Lt. Gen. Amir Niazi menandatangani Surat Cara Penyerahan Pakistan kepada tentera India dan Bangladesh dengan kehadiran Lt. Jen. Jagjit Singh; dan PNS Ghazi
Tarikh	26 Mac – 16 Disember 1971; (8 bulan, 2 minggu dan 6 hari)
Lokasi	Kebanyakannya:; Pakistan Timur (kini Bangladesh); Limpahan:; Barisan Timur: Sempadan India–Pakistan Timur; Enklaf India–Pakistan Timur; bahagian India Timur dan Timur Laut; Barisan Barat: Sempadan India–Pakistan Barat Baris Kawalan (Kashmir); Titik Sifar; ; Lautan Hindi: Teluk Bengal (Barisan Timur); Laut Arab (Barisan Barat);
Keputusan	Kejayaan India–Bangladesh; Penyerahan tentera Pakistan;
Perubahan; wilayah	Pakistan Timur berpisah daripada Pakistan sebagai Republik Rakyat Bangladesh
Pihak yang terlibat
Kerajaan Sementara Bangladesh Mukti Bahini; (26 Mac – 16 Disember 1971); India Angkatan Tentera India; (3 – 16 Disember 1971);	Pakistan; (Kerajaan Pakistan Timur) Angkatan Tentera Pakistan; Angkatan separa tentera dan militia: Jamaat-e-Islami; Jawatankuasa Nagorik Shanti; Razakars; Al-Badr; Al-Shams;
Komandan dan pemimpin
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman; (Presiden Kerajaan Sementara Bangladesh); Tajuddin Ahmad; (Perdana Menteri Kerajaan Sementara Bangladesh); Jen M. A. G. Osmani; (Plm. T, Tentera Bangladesh); Mejar. K. M. Shafiullah; (Komander, S Force); Mej. Ziaur Rahman; (Komander, Z Force); Mej. Khaled Mosharraf; (Komander, K Force); Kapt. Kump. A. K. Khandker; (Penolong, Tentera Bangladesh); V. V. Giri; (Presiden India); Indira Gandhi; (Perdana Menteri India); Jen Sam Manekshaw; (Ketua Turus Tentera); Lt Jen J. S. Arora; (GOC-in-C, Eastern Command); Lt Jen Sagat Singh; (GOC-in-C, IV Corps); Mej Jen Inderjit Singh Gill; (Dir., Military Operations); Mej Jen Om Malhotra; (COS, IV Corps); Mej.Jen J. F. R. Jacob; (COS, Eastern Command); Mej.Jen Shabeg Singh; (Kdr Latihan MB); V.Adm Nilakanta Krishnan; (FOC-in-C, Eastern Naval Command); AM Hari Chand Dewan; (AOC-in-C, Eastern Air Command)	Yahya Khan; (Presiden Pakistan); Nurul Amin; (Perdana Menteri Pakistan); Abdul Motaleb Malik; (Governor of East Pakistan); Jen. A. H. Khan; (Ketua Turus, Army GHQ); Lt. Jen. A. A. K. Niazi ; (Komander, Eastern Command); Mej. Jen. Rao Farman Ali ; (Mil. Adv., Kerajaan Pakistan Timur); Mej. Jen. Khadim Hussain ; (GOC, 14th Infantry Div.); Rr. Adm. Mohammad Shariff ; (FOC, Eastern Naval Command); Kapt. Ahmad Zamir ; (CO, Pakistan Marine Corps, East); Kdr. Zafar Muhammad †; (CO, PNS Ghazi); Air Cdre. Inamul Haque ; (AOC, Eastern Air Command); Air Cdre. Zafar Masud; (AOC, Eastern Air Cmnd. (1969–71)) Syed Khwaja Khairuddin; (Pengerusi, Jawatankuasa Nagorik Shanti); Ghulam Azam; (Amir Jamaat-e-Islami); Motiur Rahman Nizami; (Pemimpin, Al-Badr); Mej. Jen. Mohd. Jamshed; (Komander, Razakar); Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry; (Pemimpin, Al-Shams)
Kekuatan
175,000; 250,000	~91,000 askar biasa; 280,000 askar separa tentera; ~25,000 anggota militia
Kerugian dan korban
~30,000 terbunuh ; 1,426–1,525 terbunuh ; 3,611–4,061 tercedera	~8,000 terbunuh; ~10,000 tercedera; 90,000—93,000 ditawan (termasuk 79,676 askar dan 10,324—12,192 anggota militia tempatan)
	Kematian orang awam: Anggaran dari antara 300,000 dan 3,000,000.

Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh^{[note 2]} (Benggali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধcode: bn is deprecated , pronounced [mukt̪iɟud̪d̪ʱo], juga dikenali sebagai Perang Kemerdekaan Bangladesh, atau Perang Pembebasan di Bangladesh) ialah revolusi dan konflik bersenjata yang tercetus oleh kebangkitan gerakan nasionalis dan penentuan nasib sendiri Bengali di Pakistan Timur, yang menyebabkan kemerdekaan Bangladesh. Perang bermula apabila junta tentera Pakistan berpangkalan di Pakistan Barat—di bawah perintah Yahya Khan—melancarkan Operasi Lampu Cari menentang rakyat Pakistan Timur pada malam 25 Mac 1971, memulakan genosid Bangladesh.

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b Cooper and Ali's figures of 365,000 Pakistan Army and 280,000 paramilitary are for the entire Pakistan force, on the west and east fronts combined, when the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 broke out.^[5] Cloughley clarifies that only a quarter of the 365,000 Pakistan Army, roughly 91,000, was in East Pakistan.^[7]
^ Perang ini dikenali dalam bahasa Bangla sebagai Muktijuddho atau Shwadhinota Juddho.^[14] Perang ini juga dipanggil Perang Saudara di Pakistan.^[15]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ "Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan forces in Dacca". mea.gov.in. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 September 2018. Dicapai pada 14 Julai 2017. The Pakistan Eastern Command agree to surrender all Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh to Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, General Officer Commanding-in –chief of the Indian and Bangladesh forces in the eastern theatre.
^ Rizwana Shamshad (3 Oktober 2017). Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?. OUP India. m/s. 119–. ISBN 978-0-19-909159-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 8 Oktober 2020.
^ Jing Lu (30 Oktober 2018). On State Secession from International Law Perspectives. Springer. m/s. 211–. ISBN 978-3-319-97448-4. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 8 Oktober 2020.
^ J.L. Kaul; Anupam Jha (8 Januari 2018). Shifting Horizons of Public International Law: A South Asian Perspective. Springer. m/s. 241–. ISBN 978-81-322-3724-2. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 8 Oktober 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan ACIG tidak disediakan
^ Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway By Owen Bennett-Jones, Lindsay Brown, John Mock, Sarina Singh, Pg 30
^ Cloughley, Brian (2016) [First published 1999]. A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (ed. 4th). Simon and Schuster. m/s. 149, 222. ISBN 978-1-63144-039-7.
^ Praval, K. C. (1987). Indian Army after Independence. Lancer International. m/s. 442. ISBN 81-7062-014-7.
^ Thiranagama, Sharika; Kelly, Tobias, penyunting (2012). Traitors : suspicion, intimacy, and the ethics of state-building. Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812222371.
^ ^a ^b "Bangladesh Islamist leader Ghulam Azam charged". BBC. 13 Mei 2012. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 15 Disember 2018. Dicapai pada 13 Mei 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Figures from The Fall of Dacca by Jagjit Singh Aurora in The Illustrated Weekly of India dated 23 December 1973 quoted in Praval, K. C. (1987). Indian Army after Independence. Lancer International. m/s. 486. ISBN 81-7062-014-7.
^ Khan, Shahnawaz (19 Januari 2005). "54 Indian PoWs of 1971 war still in Pakistan". Daily Times. Lahore. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 September 2015. Dicapai pada 11 Oktober 2011.
^ Figure from Pakistani Prisoners of War in India by Col S. P. Salunke p. 10 quoted in Praval, K. C. (1987). Indian Army after Independence. Lancer International. m/s. 485. ISBN 81-7062-014-7.)
^ Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh, Page 289
^ Moss, Peter (2005). Secondary Social Studies For Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. m/s. 93. ISBN 9780195977042. OCLC 651126824.

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

Templat:Country study
Ali, Rao Farman (1992). How Pakistan Got Divided. Jang Publishers. ISBN 984-05-0157-7.
Baxter, Craig (1997). Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-813-33632-9. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 6 Disember 2018.
Bose, Sarmila (8 Oktober 2005). "Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (41). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 28 Disember 2020. Dicapai pada 7 Mac 2017.
Hasan, Moyeedul (2004). Muldhara, 71. University Press. ISBN 978-984-05-0121-2.
Islam, Rafiqul (1981). A Tale of Millions. Bangladesh Books International. OCLC 499426590.
Jacob, JFR (1997). Surrender at Dacca: Birth of A Nation. Manohar. ISBN 81-7304-189-X.
Khan, Fazal Mukeem (1973). Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership. National Book Foundation. OCLC 976643179.
Safiullah, K. M. (1989). Bangladesh at War. Academic Publishers. OCLC 24300969.
Sajjad, Tazreena (2012). "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". Dalam Samuel Totten (penyunting). Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (ed. Reprint). Transaction. m/s. 219–248. ISBN 978-1412847599.
Salik, Siddiq (1997) [First published 1977]. Witness to Surrender. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577761-1.
Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. doi:10.1080/713687893. S2CID 144966485.
van Schendel, Willem (2009). A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-99741-9. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 4 Disember 2018.

Bacaan lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]

--[[ -- This module produces a "For more details on this topic" link. It implements -- the Gelung templat dikesan: Templat:Main list template. --]]

local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list') local mArguments -- lazily initialise local mTableTools -- lazily initialise local p = {}

function p.mainList(frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly = true}) if not args[1] then return mHatnote.makeWikitextError( 'no page name specified', 'Template:Main list#Errors', args.category ) end return p._mainList(mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args)) end

function p._mainList(args) local pages = mHatlist.andList(args, true) local text = string.format('For a more comprehensive list, see %s.', pages) return mHatnote._hatnote(text) end

return p

Ayoob, Mohammed and Subrahmanyam, K., The Liberation War, S. Chand and Co. pvt Ltd. New Delhi, 1972.
Bass, Gary J. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. Vintage, 2014. ISBN 0307744620
Bhargava, G.S., Crush India or Pakistan's Death Wish, ISSD, New Delhi, 1972.
Bhattacharyya, S. K., Genocide in East Pakistan/Bangladesh: A Horror Story, A. Ghosh Publishers, 1988.
Blood, A. K. (2005). The cruel birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American diplomat. Dhaka: University Press.
Brownmiller, Susan: Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, Ballantine Books, 1993.
Choudhury, G. W. (April 1972). "Bangladesh: Why It Happened". International Affairs. Royal Institute of International Affairs. 48 (2): 242–249. doi:10.2307/2613440. ISSN 0020-5850. JSTOR 2613440.
Choudhury, G. W. (1994) [First published 1974]. The Last Days of United Pakistan. Dhaka: University Press. ISBN 978-984-05-1242-3.
Govt. of Bangladesh, Documents of the war of Independence, Vol 01–16, Ministry of Information.
Hitchens, Christopher, The Trials of Henry Kissinger, Verso (2001). ISBN 1-85984-631-9
Kanjilal, Kalidas, The Perishing Humanity, Sahitya Loke, Calcutta, 1976
Johnson, Rob, 'A Region in Turmoil' (New York and London, 2005)
Malik, Amita, The Year of the Vulture, Orient Longmans, New Delhi, 1972.
Matinuddin, General Kamal, Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis, 1968–1971, Wajidalis, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994.
Mookherjee, Nayanika, A Lot of History: Sexual Violence, Public Memories and the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, D.Phil. thesis in Social Anthropology, SOAS, University of London, 2002.
National Security Archive, The Tilt: the U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 Diarkibkan 20 April 2005 di Wayback Machine
Quereshi, Major General Hakeem Arshad, The 1971 Indo-Pak War, A Soldiers Narrative, Oxford University Press, 2002.
Raghavan, Srinath, 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh, Harvard Univ. Press, 2013.
Rummel, R. J., Death By Government, Transaction Publishers, 1997.
Sisson, Richard & Rose, Leo, War and secession: Pakistan, India, and the creation of Bangladesh, University of California Press (Berkeley), 1990.
Stephen, Pierre, and Payne, Robert, Massacre, Macmillan, New York, (1973). ISBN 0-02-595240-4
Totten, Samuel et al., eds., Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views, Garland Reference Library, 1997
US Department of State Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971 Diarkibkan 22 Disember 2015 di Wayback Machine
Zaheer, Hasan: The separation of East Pakistan: The rise and realisation of Bengali Muslim nationalism, Oxford University Press, 1994.
Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar (2010). O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M. A. G. Osmani). The Osmani Memorial Trust, Dacca, Bangladesh. ISBN 978-984-8866-18-4.

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Templat:Bangladesh liberation Templat:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations Templat:Military of Bangladesh Templat:Military history of Pakistan Templat:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Templat:West Bengal

[fn1-8] Cooper and Ali's figures of 365,000 Pakistan Army and 280,000 paramilitary are for the entire Pakistan force, on the west and east fronts combined, when the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 broke out.^[5] Cloughley clarifies that only a quarter of the 365,000 Pakistan Army, roughly 91,000, was in East Pakistan.^[7]

[17] Perang ini dikenali dalam bahasa Bangla sebagai Muktijuddho atau Shwadhinota Juddho.^[14] Perang ini juga dipanggil Perang Saudara di Pakistan.^[15]

[1] "Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan forces in Dacca". mea.gov.in. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 September 2018. Dicapai pada 14 Julai 2017. The Pakistan Eastern Command agree to surrender all Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh to Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, General Officer Commanding-in –chief of the Indian and Bangladesh forces in the eastern theatre.

[Shamshad2017-2] Rizwana Shamshad (3 Oktober 2017). Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?. OUP India. m/s. 119–. ISBN 978-0-19-909159-1. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 8 Oktober 2020.

[Lu2018-3] Jing Lu (30 Oktober 2018). On State Secession from International Law Perspectives. Springer. m/s. 211–. ISBN 978-3-319-97448-4. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 8 Oktober 2020.

[KaulJha2018-4] J.L. Kaul; Anupam Jha (8 Januari 2018). Shifting Horizons of Public International Law: A South Asian Perspective. Springer. m/s. 241–. ISBN 978-81-322-3724-2. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 7 Februari 2023. Dicapai pada 8 Oktober 2020.

[ACIG-5] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan ACIG tidak disediakan

[6] Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway By Owen Bennett-Jones, Lindsay Brown, John Mock, Sarina Singh, Pg 30

[7] Cloughley, Brian (2016) [First published 1999]. A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections (ed. 4th). Simon and Schuster. m/s. 149, 222. ISBN 978-1-63144-039-7.

[9] Praval, K. C. (1987). Indian Army after Independence. Lancer International. m/s. 442. ISBN 81-7062-014-7.

[10] Thiranagama, Sharika; Kelly, Tobias, penyunting (2012). Traitors : suspicion, intimacy, and the ethics of state-building. Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812222371.

[autogenerated1-11] "Bangladesh Islamist leader Ghulam Azam charged". BBC. 13 Mei 2012. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 15 Disember 2018. Dicapai pada 13 Mei 2012.

[FallOfDacca-12] Figures from The Fall of Dacca by Jagjit Singh Aurora in The Illustrated Weekly of India dated 23 December 1973 quoted in Praval, K. C. (1987). Indian Army after Independence. Lancer International. m/s. 486. ISBN 81-7062-014-7.

[dailytimes1912005-13] Khan, Shahnawaz (19 Januari 2005). "54 Indian PoWs of 1971 war still in Pakistan". Daily Times. Lahore. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 September 2015. Dicapai pada 11 Oktober 2011.

[14] Figure from Pakistani Prisoners of War in India by Col S. P. Salunke p. 10 quoted in Praval, K. C. (1987). Indian Army after Independence. Lancer International. m/s. 485. ISBN 81-7062-014-7.)

[15] Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh, Page 289

[Social_2005_p93-16] Moss, Peter (2005). Secondary Social Studies For Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. m/s. 93. ISBN 9780195977042. OCLC 651126824.

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