Pengguna:BukanTeamBiasa/Kotak pasir/Penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Jerman

Sleeve and cap ensigns of the 16 state police forces and the former Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Guard)

Penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Jerman secara perlembagaan hanya terletak pada negara-negara, yang merupakan salah satu ciri utama sistem politik Jerman.

Polis sentiasa menjadi tanggungjawab negara-negara Jerman walaupun selepas 1871 ketika negara bersatu. Perlembagaan Republik Republik Weimar 1919 telah menyediakan kemungkinan untuk mewujudkan sebuah pasukan polis kebangsaan, sekiranya keperluan itu timbul, tetapi ia hanya dalam era Nazi Jerman bahawa pasukan polis bersatu di bawah kawalan pusat dan pasukan polis kebangsaan diwujudkan (Reichssicherheitshauptamt atau RSHA). Polis menjadi alat negara berpusat dan parti Nazi. Berikutan kekalahan pada tahun 1945, Jerman dibahagikan; pada tahun 1949, ketiga-tiga zon-zon barat telah diubah menjadi Jerman Barat, zonSoviet menjadi Jerman Timur. Setiap negara mengejar laluan yang berbeza mengenai penguatkuasaan undang-undang.

Mengikut penyalahgunaan kuasa kasar oleh negara Nazi berpusat, undang-undang baru Perlembagaan Jerman Barat memberikan pemisahan kuasa yang ketat, meletakkan penguatkuasaan undang-undang dengan kuat di tangan negeri-negeri. Satu-satunya agensi polis yang dibenarkan di peringkat persekutuan adalah pasukan paramiliter Pengawal Perbatasan Persekutuan (Bahasa Jerman: Bundesgrenzschutz), juga bertanggungjawab untuk perkhidmatan pengawal dan Polis Jenayah Persekutuan, kedua-duanya di bawah pengawasan Kementerian Persekutuan Dalam Negeri. Oleh kerana sempadan Jerman menjadi sebahagian besarnya dibuka sejak tahun 2005, disebabkan oleh pembangunan Kesatuan Eropah dan Perjanjian Schengen ke semua negara kejiranan, Bundesgrenzschutz telah ditukar nama kepada Polis Persekutuan (Bahasa Jerman: Bundespolizei). Kewajipan Polis Persekutuan masih terhad kepada keselamatan landasan kereta api, stesen kereta api utama, lapangan terbang, pelabuhan laut, dan beberapa tugas khas lain.

Jerman Timur mencipta pasukan polis berpusat di bawah Kementerian Dalam Negeri, yang Volkspolizei (secara harfiah "Polis Rakyat"). Ia juga menubuhkan pasukan tentera Pasukan sempadan Republik Demokratik Jerman (Jerman: Grenztruppen der DDR), pada mulanya sebuah pasukan bebas, kemudian diintegrasikan ke dalam tentera dan kemudian disusun semula sebagai organisasi tentera yang bebas.

Agensi persekutuan

Rencana utama: Senarai agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Jerman

Pejabat Penyiasatan Jenayah Persekutuan

Bundeskriminalamt (BKA)-Badge

Satu lagi agensi polis pusat, Pejabat Polis Jenayah Persekutuan (Bahasa Jerman: Bundeskriminalamt / BKA), dengan kira-kira 3,000 ejen, beroperasi di seluruh negara dari ibu pejabat di Wiesbaden. BKA adalah rumah penjelasan untuk rekod perisikan jenayah.

Ia memberikan bantuan kepada Pejabat Polis Jenayah Negara Pejabat Polis Jenayah Negara (Bahasa Jerman: Landeskriminalamt / LKA) dalam perkara-perkara forensik, penyelidikan, dan penyiasatan jenayah. Ia juga merupakan titik hubungan nasional untuk Pertubuhan Polis Jenayah Antarabangsa (Interpol). BKA memasuki kes-kes hanya apabila diminta oleh pihak berkuasa negeri, atau dalam kes-kes yang melibatkan dua atau lebih negara. BKA terlibat dalam memerangi pelbagai kumpulan pengganas, yang telah melanda negara sejak 1960-an.

Customs officer in Zoll-uniform

Perkhidmatan Kastam Persekutuan

Perkhidmatan Kastam Persekutuan (Bahasa Jerman: Bundeszollverwaltung) adalah agensi pentadbiran dan fiskal Kementerian Kewangan Persekutuan. Ia ditubuhkan pada tahun 1949 di Jerman Barat. Tujuan Perkhidmatan Kastam adalah untuk mentadbir cukai persekutuan, melaksanakan tuntutan pembayaran bagi pihak syarikat persekutuan dan persekutuan undang-undang persekutuan, memantau pergerakan silang sempadan barangan berkenaan dengan pematuhan larangan dan larangan, dan mencegah kerja haram. Untuk pelaksanaan undang-undang kewangan ejen persekutuan seragam. Subordinat kepada kastam kastam persekutuan, Jabatan Penyiasatan Kastam di Cologne (Bahasa Jerman: Zollkriminalamt / ZKA) menyelaras penyelidikan kastam di seluruh negara khususnya pemantauan perdagangan asing, mengungkap pelanggaran peraturan pasar EU , eksport teknologi haram, penipuan subsidi dalam sektor pertanian, pengedaran dadah dan pengubahan wang haram. Sebagai tindak balas terhadap peningkatan keganasan terhadap pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang, pasukan kastam SWAT, Zentrale Unterstützungsgruppe Zoll, Kumpulan Sokongan Kastam Tengah (Bahasa Jerman: Zentrale Unterstützungsgruppe Zoll / ZUZ) telah dilaksanakan pada tahun 1997 sebagai taktik kastam unit untuk misi berbahaya.

Perkhidmatan Perisikan Persekutuan

Perkhidmatan Perisikan Persekutuan (Bahasa Jerman: Bundesnachrichtendienst / BND) berpusat di Munich. BND adalah terhad kepada penyiasatan ancaman yang berasal dari luar Jerman. Ia amat bergantung pada teknik pengawasan wiretapping dan lain-lain yang digunakan untuk komunikasi antarabangsa. Kegiatan semacam itu hanya diberi kuasa untuk menentang bahaya ancaman bersenjata ke negara ini, tetapi pihak kepolisian telah menekankan untuk menambah kekuatan untuk memonitor penyelidik senjata dan narkoba internasional yang disyaki.

Pejabat Persekutuan untuk Perlindungan Perlembagaan

(Pejabat Persekutuan untuk Perlindungan Perlembagaan (Bahasa Jerman: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz / BfV) terutamanya perkhidmatan perisikan domestik Jerman, yang terlibat dengan pengintipan, pengkhianatan dan hasutan. tiada kuasa penangkapan dan tidak boleh menggunakan kekerasan, tetapi ia menjalankan pengawasan dan membekalkan BKA dan agensi-agensi polis lain dengan maklumat tentang jenayah antarabangsa, pengedaran dadah, keganasan, dan kegiatan haram yang lain, pejabat utamanya di Cologne. di setiap negeri, walaupun mereka bekerjasama rapat dengan pejabat persekutuan, mereka beroperasi di bawah kawalan pihak berkuasa negeri.

Lencana polis persekutuan

Polis Persekutuan

Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1951, Bundespolizei (BPOL) adalah pasukan polis persekutuan yang berseragam. Ia ditundukkan kepada Kementerian Persekutuan Dalam Negeri (Bundesministerium des Innern (BMI)). Bundespolizei sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS) ("Pengawal Perbatasan Persekutuan") dan mempunyai peranan yang lebih terhad sehingga 1 Julai 2005 apabila undang-undang yang menamakan BGS sebagai BPOL telah digubal.

Semua kakitangan yang bertugas memakai senjata sisi. Sesetengah unit mempunyai pesawat ringan dan helikopter untuk memudahkan akses pantas ke kawasan sempadan jarak jauh dan untuk misi rondaan dan penyelamatan. Pasukan pengawal pantai membentuk sebahagian daripada BPOL. Ia dilengkapi dengan 14 kren rondaan dan beberapa helikopter.

Di samping mengawal sempadan Jerman, BPOL bertindak sebagai pasukan simpanan persekutuan untuk menangani gangguan besar dan kecemasan lain di luar skop polis Tanah. BPOL menjaga lapangan terbang dan kedutaan asing, dan beberapa detasmen yang terlatih disediakan untuk situasi krisis khas yang memerlukan peralatan perobohan, helikopter, atau kenderaan tempur. Selepas kekurangan dalam prosedur dan latihan polis diturunkan oleh serangan serangan pengganas ke atas atlet Israel pada Olimpik 1972, pasukan petugas yang dikenali sebagai Kumpulan Pengawal Border 9 (GSG- 9) ditubuhkan untuk menangani kejadian pengganas, terutamanya situasi tebusan. GSG-9 memenangi perhatian dunia apabila menyelamatkan 86 penumpang pada pesawat Lufthansa dirampas ke Mogadishu, Somalia, pada tahun 1977.

Struktur pangkat ketenteraan yang serupa dengan Bundeswehr digantikan pada pertengahan 1970-an oleh gred kakitangan jenis perkhidmatan awam. Pakaian seragam itu hijau tetapi telah diubah menjadi biru.

Polis Keretapi Jerman Barat (Bahnpolizei), dahulunya merupakan pasukan bebas, dan Transportpolizei Jerman Timur telah disusun semula di bawah BGS untuk membentuk Bundespolizei pada tahun 1990.

State agencies

State Criminal Investigation Office

Doorplate of the Landeskriminalamt of the state of Lower Saxony

The State Criminal Police Office (German: Landeskriminalamt / LKA), is an independent law enforcement agency in most German states, that is directly subordinated to the respective state ministry of the interior. The LKA supervises police operations aimed at preventing and investigating criminal offences and coordinates investigations of serious crime, involving more than one regional headquarter. They can take over investigative responsibility in cases of serious crime, e.g. drug trafficking, organized crime, environmental and white-collar crime or extremist and terrorist offences. Each Landeskriminalamt is also a modern central office for information, analyzing police intelligence from home and abroad and transmitting it to police stations. It collates data on criminal offences and offenders in crime statistics that are used as a basis for new strategies, policy decisions and legislative initiatives. It also analyzes certain offense areas, evaluates the police measures executed in each case, forecasts expected tendencies and describes events in annual reports.

State Offices for the Protection of the Constitution

The State Office for the Protection of the Constitution (German: Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz / lfV) in every single state, is the domestic intelligence service, concerned with espionage, treason, and sedition. Due to the negative experiences of abuseing power in Nazi-Germany, the domestic intelligence duties are not centralized and therefore maintained by the states. As the BfV, the LfV have no powers of arrest and cannot use force, but it carries out surveillance and supplies police agencies with information on opposition parties, international crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, and other illegal activities.

State Police Forces

Rencana utama: Landespolizei

Police cars in Hamburg (2006).

The German states are responsible for managing the bulk of Germany's police forces. Each state has its own police force known as the State Police (German: Landespolizei). Each state promulgates a law which lays down the organisation and duties of its police (Landespolizeigesetz or Sicherheits- und Ordnungsgesetz).

Although the state police forces are regulated by sixteen different legislatures and are, in fact, different police forces, there has been an increasing tendency toward standardization of police activities nationwide. Concerns about terrorism and the growth of organized crime have strengthened the movement to centralize police procedures and operations. The idea of creating one single police code for the whole of Germany (allgemeines Polizeigesetz) came up in the 1960s but never passed.

These forces are organized by cities, towns, or rural communities, but all are integral components of the police forces of the state in which they are located. The respective state minister of interior supervises police operations in his or her jurisdiction. Although the internal organizations differ somewhat, all state police are divided into the Protective Police (German: Schutzpolizei / SchuPo), a uniformed service carrying out routine law and order duties, and Criminal Police Office (German: Kriminalpolizei / almost always abbreviated with KriPo), who carry out criminal investigations. The separate Administrative Police formerly had duties that included the registration of residents and the issuance of passports, identity cards, and various permits. These functions have been transferred to civil state government departments (Einwohnermeldeamt—Resident registration office) in all states.

The uniforms and vehicle colour schemes of the state police forces are different, but somewhat similar all over Germany, the state police forces are structured differently in each state as well. For example, in some states the Kripo can be part of the ordinary police force, in some states it is organized separately.

The idea of using the same colour for police uniforms and vehicles throughout the European Union has been realized in all German state police forces and the federal police. All vehicle liveries and uniforms changed from white/green to silver/blue until 2018. The basic silver colour for vehicles in the most states, is actually increasing the resale value and thus lowers leasing costs. The uniforms already have been changed by all state police forces and the federal police from the green/beige version introduced in 1979 to blue ones. Hamburg was the first state to make the transition, Bavaria the last state, finishing the replacement of the green/beige uniforms in 2018.

Auxiliary State Police Forces

Some German states maintain auxiliary police forces under different denominations, depending on the state's legislation. In the most auxiliary forces, the officers are armed with pepper spray, in some forces with the regular equipment of professional police officers. Following states maintain a "Voluntary Police Service" (German: Freiwilliger Polizeidienst) like Baden-Württemberg and Hesse, some a "Security Watch" (German: Sicherheitswacht), like Bavaria and Saxony, and only Brandenburg offers a "Security Partner" (German: Sicherheitspartner) program.

Their main duty is crime prevention by:

• conducting walking patrols to deter street crime
• patrolling near schools and kindergartens
• maintaining contact with potential victims of crime and juvenile delinquents.

Bavaria has instituted a system of citizen patrols (Sicherheitswacht) in which unarmed teams of two volunteers patrol assigned areas to improve subjective security. These teams carry a radio to call for help if necessary and a pepper spray for protection. A white armband with black letters identifying them as a "Security Watch" patrol.

Citizens in Baden-Württemberg can participate in the volunteer police programme, where roughly 1,200 citizens voluntarily assist their local police in 20 towns. These volunteers are specially trained, wear regular uniforms and are sworn and armed with normal police gear.

Citizens in Hesse and Saxony can also participate in a Volunteer Police program, where some citizens voluntarily assist their local police. The volunteers are trained for 50 hours in Hesse and 60 hours in Saxony, receive uniforms, pepper spray and a mobile phone in Hesse and a radio in Saxony.

In Brandenburg there were established about 200 security partners along the Polish border as well as around Geater Berlin. The legal basis is a decree of the State Minister of the Interior of 11 October 1995.

People can also join on a full-time basis the Wachpolizei, which has less authority (and less pay) than regular police officers to perform basic police tasks, like the guarding of premisses like an embassy, to release regular officers for patrol work.

Local agencies

Municipal order enforcement agencies

Patrol car of the Ordnungsamt of the city of Fulda

In Germany municipal code enforcement is organized very heterogeneously, depending on state, county and municipal regulations. Currently, many cities in Germany maintain local order enforcement agencies, with limited police-type duties. Those bylaw enforcement officers in general are city employees. Contingent on the respective unit, the officers wear - usually police like - uniforms or wear plain clothes with an armband or a labeled jacket, they could be armed or unarmed. The order enforcement officers are the municipal administration's "eyes and ears on the street". Mostly they are charged with monitoring municipal by-laws and laws that fall under the responsibility of municipalities, which include monitoring the conduct of shop owners, sanitation inspections, veterinary inspections and minor infractions and misdemeanors such as illegal parking, littering, state and local dog regulations etc. They usually only hand out warnings and fines and can only perform a citizen's arrest as any other citizen can. If they see any major crimes they are required to call the state police.

Even the denominations are manifold, depending on local regulations as well, most of the time the denominations are:

• Municipal Code Enforcement Service (German: Gemeindevollzugsdienst / GVD)
• Community Enforcement Service (German: Kommunaler Ordnungsdienst / KOD)
• Order Enforcement Office (German: Ordnungsamt / OA), most common denomination
• Municipal Enforcement Service (Städtischer Ordnungsdienst)

Municipal police forces

Rencana utama: Municipal police (Germany)

In Baden-Württemberg municipal police officers do have the same rights, powers and obligations like the counterparts of the state police. The tasks of a municipal police force depend on the size of the municipality's territory and the number of inhabitants in which it is operating. The "police authority" (German: Polizeibehörde) of a town or city can transfer more tasks and responsibilities to its police force, only if approved by the regional government of the state(German: Regierungspräsidium).

Car of the Stadtpolizei in Frankfurt

In the state of Hesse, city police forces provide the local order enforcement. The officers wear police uniforms and are armed. Similar to the municipal order enforcement units, there are different denominations:

• City Police (German: Stadtpolizei)
• Community Police (German: Kommunalpolizei)

Training

Police training is primarily the responsibility of the individual states, although the federal government provides assistance and coordination. The high level of police professionalism is attributed in large degree to the length and thoroughness of training. The situation is different in the five new states of eastern Germany. Long accustomed to a compliant society, police forces of the eastern states have to adapt to the growing numbers of far right skinheads and neo-Nazis engaged in violent hate crimes against foreign workers and refugees.

Most police recruits spend about two and a half years in the regular police academy training (Mittlerer Polizeivollzugsdienst), auxiliary Police forces, equipped with way lass rights and often not equipped with a duty-weapon, are schooled in just 12 weeks. In case of higher education (Abitur), recruits can also start off at a higher rank, comparable to Lieutenant (Rank: Polizei-/Kriminalkommissar), which they have to attend police college for and acquire a bachelor's degree.

After about six years of duty as a patrol officer, an individual with an outstanding record who does well on a highly competitive examination and started off in the regular police academy (mittlerer Polizeivollzugsdienst) can go on to two or three years at a higher police school or a college of public administration to qualify for this bachelor's degree (Aufstieg in den gehobenen Polizeivollzugsdienst). The very few candidates who qualify for the highest ranks of the police study for one year at the Federal Police Leadership Academy in Münster-Hiltrup.

Off duty carry

Depending on the certain state police regulation, German police officers may be authorized to carry their department-issued firearms while off duty. Some states allow their officers to apply for the approval to purchase a private firearm, that can be carried off-duty. Further restrictions that forbid off-duty carry exist (i.e. when drinking alcohol, at public events). In their private properties, the officers are required to have a safe to store their gun while not carrying it.

Women in the Police

The state police forces have had female members since the implementation of the several police forces after World War II. Initially, female officers were assigned to cases involving juveniles and women, working in plainclothes without weapons. Since the mid-1970s, female police officers have performed general police patrol duties and their proportion of total police officers is steadily rising. However, their representation in leadership positions is still relatively low.

Alert Police

The Alert Police (German: Bereitschaftspolizei / BePo), literally "Readiness or Standby Police" is available in each state for riot control, although their primary function is training police recruits. Beside this, the Federal Police maintains a Bereitschaftspolizei as well, to assist the state police forces if necessary. While the states are free to choose the equipment and to organize their police forces autonomously, the state and federal alert police units receive standardized weapons, vehicles, anti-riot gears and communications equipment from the federal government by law. An office in the Federal Ministry of Interior monitors and coordinates the deployment of the BePo units, which can be called upon to assist the police of other states in case of riots or other civil unrests.

The Alert Police is assigned to barracks where they are organized along military lines into squads, platoons, and 120- to 150-member training or standby companies. In most states, the BePo contingents consists of one 600- to 800-member battalion, but in six of the larger states they are organized into regiments.

Duties vary according to local requirements. In Hamburg, for example, the BePo patrol the subway system, assist in police raids in the red-light district, and are present at large demonstrations and soccer matches. Their units are equipped with their own transport, tents, and rations, enabling them to be shifted quickly to other Länder without having to rely on outside support. The Readiness Police have water cannons and armored vehicles but are armed with lighter weapons than those of the federal police.

All state alert police forces and the federal alert police force maintain specialized units as well, the so-called Arrest Units (German: Beweissicherungs- und Festnahmeeinheiten, lit. "Units for arrests and securing evidence", abbreviated BFE). The BFE units were established in 1987 after two police officers have been killed during demonstrations against the expansion of Frankfurt Airport.

As a reaction to several terrorist attacks in Europe since 2015, an additional unit, the BFE+, was implemented in summer 2015. The BFE+ should provide specialized operators for long lasting (search) operations for example after a terrorist attack.

Career brackets

In general, the German law enforcement authorities of today have personnel of three available career brackets, the lowest being the "Mittlerer Dienst" ("middle service"), followed by the so-called "gehobener Dienst" ("elevated service") and the "Höherer Dienst" ("higher service"). Only the Federal Customs Administration (Bundeszollverwaltung) and the Departments of Justice and Corrections of the states (Justizvollzugsdienst—Justice Enforcement Service) still have personnel of the very lowest career bracket "Einfacher Dienst" ("simple service"). To understand this structure it may be helpful to compare it with military rank structures because decades ago it was really similar. Einfacher Dienst = Soldiers, mittlerer Dienst = NCOs, gehobener Dienst = COs, höherer Dienst = Staff Officers (Major and up).

Development of career brackets

Today nine of sixteen State Police Forces recruit only for the career bracket of the "gehobener Dienst".

Entry into "Mittlerer Dienst" requires successful completion of 10 years of schooling, or a successful training in any other job and some years of working in this job. Period of training is 2 1/2 years at the police academy starting with the rank of Polizeimeister-Anwärter. The highest possible rank in this bracket is that of Polizeihauptmeister mit Zulage. In the mid to late seventies the "mittlerer Dienst" was disestablished for the detective branch Kriminalpolizei, but in some states of the former GDR, they still exist. Rank designation, in this case, f.e. Kriminalhauptmeister.

Entry into the "gehobener Dienst" requires a high-school diploma and period of training is 3 years at a college of administration and justice. The highest possible rank in this career is that of Erster Polizei-/Kriminal-hauptkommissar.

The third career bracket is the so-called "höherer Dienst". A direct entry into this career bracket is possible and requires a law degree of a university, but the majority of these officers had started their career in "mittlerer" or "gehobener Dienst". Period of training is 2 years at the Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei or German Police University. That is the only official centralised educational institution of the German police. Starting at the rank of "Polizeirat"or "Kriminalrat" (literally "police counsellor" or "detective counsellor") up to "Polizeipräsident" ("police president"), which is (in most German states) equivalent to the rank of Chief of Police in the USA.

Kehakiman

Rencana utama: Kehakiman Germany

Sistem undang-undang Jerman adalah undang-undang sivil kebanyakannya berdasarkan kompilasi komprehensif undang-undang, berbanding sistem undang-undang. Bundesverfassungsgericht (Mahkamah Perlembagaan Persekutuan, yang terletak di bandar Karlsruhe) adalah Mahkamah Agung Jerman yang bertanggungjawab untuk perkara-perkara perlembagaan, dengan kuasa semakan kehakiman. Sistem pengadilan tertinggi Jerman, yang disebut Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes ("Mahkamah Agung Persekutuan Mahkamah Agung"), khusus untuk kes-kes sivil dan jenayah, mahkamah rayuan tertinggi ialah penyiasat Mahkamah Keadilan Persekutuan ("Bundesgerichtshof" di Karlsruhe) dan untuk urusan lain mahkamah adalah Mahkamah Buruh Persekutuan ("Bundesarbeitsgericht" di Erfurt), Mahkamah Sosial Persekutuan ("Bundessozialgericht" di Kassel), Mahkamah Kewangan Persekutuan Jerman ("Bundesfinanzhof" di Munich) dan Mahkamah Pentadbiran Persekutuan Jerman Mahkamah ("Bundesverwaltungsgericht" di Leipzig). Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (Kod Pidana Antarabangsa) mengatur akibat dari jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan, pembunuhan ramai-ramai dan kejahatan perang, di bawah keadaan tertentu.

Undang-undang jenayah dan peribadi dikodifikasikan di peringkat kebangsaan dalam Strafgesetzbuch (secara harfiahnya Kitab Undang-undang Pidana) dan Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (secara harfiah). Sistem hukuman Jerman ditujukan untuk pemulihan jenayah dan perlindungan orang awam. Kecuali jenayah kecil, yang diadili di hadapan seorang hakim profesional tunggal, dan kejahatan politik yang serius, semua tuduhan dibicarakan sebelum tribunal campuran di mana hakim (atau Schöffe) duduk berdampingan dengan hakim profesional.

Peralatan

Kenderaan

Kereta peronda Opel di Polis Negeri Hesse memakai pakaian perak / biru (termasuk jalur reflektif)

Sonderwagen 5 Polis Negeri Saxony

Polis van Mercedes Benz di Berlin, yang dijuluki "Wanne" ("Bak mandi") dalam keadaan hijau yang sudah lapuk

Kereta peronda Polis Persekutuan

Polis Jerman biasanya menggunakan kereta dari pengeluar Jerman. Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, Audi, Opel dan BMW biasanya digunakan sebagai kereta ronda ( Streifenwagen ). Negara-negara digunakan untuk memilih kenderaan yang dibina di atau dekat dengan negara masing-masing. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan kebanyakan negeri sekarang menyewa dan bukannya membeli kenderaan mereka dan berdasarkan peraturan Kesatuan Eropah mengenai tawaran kontrak, negara-negara mempunyai garis lintang yang kurang dalam memilih pengeluar mana yang akan menyediakan kereta rondaan mereka daripada yang mereka lakukan.

Di Saarland yang bersejarah rapat dengan negara jiran Perancis, kenderaan dari syarikat Perancis serta Ford Eropah Eropah digunakan sebagai kereta polis. Polis Negeri Bavaria menggunakan kenderaan BMW dan Audi terutamanya syarikat yang berpangkalan di Bavaria (BMW di Munich dan Audi di Ingolstadt). Di negara bahagian timur Jerman, kebanyakannya Volkswagens sedang digunakan (Volkswagen berpangkalan di Wolfsburg, dekat dengan negara-negara timur). Polis Hessian lebih suka kereta Opel (General Motors - jenama Opel yang berpusat di Rüsselsheim berhampiran Frankfurt am Main di Hesse). Baden-Württemberg kebanyakannya menggunakan kereta Mercedes-Benz dan Volkswagen untuk pasukan polis mereka.

Sebelum pembaharuan polis pada pertengahan 1970-an, Jerman mempunyai banyak pasukan polis di bandaraya dan masing-masing mempunyai kesatuan kereta polis sendiri. Biru gelap, hijau gelap dan putih adalah warna yang popular. Walau bagaimanapun, warna-warna gelap dianggap sebagai kelemahan kerana banyak kemalangan berlaku pada waktu malam semasa mengejar kelajuan tinggi. Oleh itu, persidangan menteri-menteri pedalaman memutuskan untuk menyeragamkan hati kereta polis supaya kereta-kereta tersebut tidak terancam dan dapat dilihat dengan mudah pada waktu malam. Hijau dan putih yang terang menjadi warna yang berkaitan dengan kenderaan polis di Jerman bermula pada tahun 1970-an. Lebih baru-baru ini, pasukan polis berubah menjadi kereta dan van perak berbanding kereta putih kerana mereka lebih mudah untuk menjual daripada yang putih ketika perkhidmatan polis mereka berakhir. Sekarang, kebanyakan negara mempunyai warna biru muda dan bukan jalur hijau, tetapi kereta yang dicat di hati lama masih dapat dilihat (sehingga November 2012). Hanya negeri-negeri Bavaria dan Saarland memilih untuk mengekalkan hati hijau-putih / perak; semua negeri lain sedang beralih ke biru-putih / perak.

Hari ini, pasukan polis Jerman secara amnya menyewa kereta peronda daripada pengilang, biasanya untuk tempoh tiga tahun. Syarikat pajakan menandakan kereta rondaan menggunakan foil plastik dengan mencerminkan jalur sebagai sempadan dan bukan lukisan. Kerajang akan dikeluarkan apabila kereta dijual kepada orang ramai sebagai kereta yang digunakan perak standard apabila pajakan habis.

Tidak seperti di negara lain seperti Amerika Syarikat, kereta polis di Jerman jarang datang dengan apa-apa peralatan khas (selain dari yang jelas, seperti lampu berkelip atau sirene) tidak tersedia kepada pengguna lain model yang sama, seperti kereta yang dijual di pasaran Eropah pada umumnya dianggap sesuai untuk tugas polis tanpa sebarang perubahan lagi.

Seragam beige tua yang dipakai di Bavaria sehingga 2018.

Jenis kenderaan

Kenderaan ini digunakan oleh agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Jerman:

Audi 80 (ditarik balik) Audi A4 Audi A4 Avant Audi A6 Audi A6 Avant Audi R8 BMW 2000 (ditarik balik) BMW 501 (ditarik balik) BMW E30 (ditarik balik) BMW E34 (ditarik balik) BMW E36 (ditarik balik) BMW E36 Pelancongan (ditarik balik) BMW E38 (ditarik balik) BMW E39 (ditarik balik) BMW E39 Pelancongan (ditarik balik) BMW E46 BMW E46 Pelancongan BMW E60 BMW E61 BMW F11 BMW E90 BMW E91 BMW F31 BMW F31 BMW F46

Fiat Ducato Ford Mondeo Ford Scorpio (ditarik balik) Ford Scorpio Turnier (ditarik balik) Ford Transit Iveco trak Setra bas penjara Land Rover Discovery Range Rover Classic (ditarik balik) Magirus Deutz trak MAN trak dan bas penjara

Mercedes-Benz banyak trak dan van Mercedes-Benz C-Class Mercedes-Benz E-Class Mercedes-Benz G-Class Mercedes-Benz S-Class Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Mercedes-Benz Unimog Mercedes-Benz Vito Mercedes-Benz W123 (ditarik balik) Mini Cooper Nissan Primera Neoplan bas penjara Opel Astra Opel Astra Kafilah Opel Corsa Opel Frontera (ditarik balik) Opel Insignia Sports Tourer Opel Omega (ditarik balik) Opel Omega Kafilah (ditarik balik) Opel Vectra Opel Vectra Kafilah Porsche 911 Porsche 944 (ditarik balik)

Sonderwagen ~'Specialwagon', kenderaan berperisai ringan Volkswagen Beetle Volkswagen Caddy Volkswagen Golf Volkswagen Jetta Volkswagen LT Volkswagen Lupo Volkswagen Passat Volkswagen Passat Pelbagai Volkswagen Polo Volkswagen Scirocco Volkswagen Sharan Volkswagen Transporter (T1) (ditarik balik) Volkswagen Transporter (T2) (ditarik balik) Volkswagen Transporter (T3) (ditarik balik) Volkswagen Transporter (T4) Volkswagen Transporter (T5) Volkswagen Touran Wartburg 353 (ditarik balik)

Seragam

Seragam Polis Negeri Hamburg.

Dari tahun 1945 dan seterusnya, pasukan polis Jerman memakai pakaian seragam berwarna yang berbeza. Dari pertengahan tahun tujuh puluhan, polis dari semua negara Jerman Barat dan Berlin Barat memakai pakaian seragam hijau dan merah yang sama, kebanyakan bahagian yang direka oleh Heinz Oestergaard. Seragam standard terdiri daripada tunik, parka, pullover tanpa kafan, mantel, topi visor dan dasi dalam lumut-hijau, seluar, pullover dan kardigan dalam coklat-kuning air, baju (lengan panjang dan pendek) di buluh-kuning. Kasut, kasut, sarung tangan, jaket kulit dan lain-lain peralatan kulit hitam. Sarung tangan kulit adalah zaitun. Terdapat beberapa pengecualian. Cap topi dengan topi putih dipakai oleh polis trafik dan oleh Schutzpolizei semasa tugas pengawalan lalu lintas.

Pasukan pasukan polis sungai atau perairan (Bahasa Jerman: Wasserschutzpolizei) memakai pakaian seragam reka bentuk yang sama sekali berbeza. Pakaian seragam asas berwarna biru laut, baju berwarna putih dan topi visor mempunyai topi putih. BGS memakai seragam hijau hutan dengan baju buluh kuning. Selepas Penyatuan semula Jerman Volkspolizei dipecah menjadi Landespolizei dan beralih kepada seragam standard. Semasa tempoh peralihan, mereka masih memakai pakaian seragam lama mereka tetapi dengan lengan gaya barat dan tanda bertanda.

Kerana kebanyakan negara Eropah mempunyai seragam polisi biru, semua negara Jerman dan Polis Persekutuan telah beralih ke pakaian seragam biru yang baru untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan imej biru yang paling banyak pasukan polis di Eropah. Sejajar dengan pakaian seragam, kenderaan polis dan pelbagai peralatan juga berubah warna dari hijau ke biru.

Lihat juga

• Senarai agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang di Jerman
• Zollkriminalamt (Jabatan Penyiasatan Kastam Jerman)
• Staatsanwaltschaft (pejabat pendakwa raya)
• Jenayah di Jerman
• Penjara di Jerman
• Senarai pembunuhan oleh pegawai peguatkuasaan undang-undang di Jerman

Rujukan

Rencana ini mengandungi bahan daripada Perpustakaan Kongres Pengajian Negara yang merupakan terbitan pemerintah Amerika Syarikat dalam domain awam.

Templat:Law enforcement in Germany Templat:Germany topics