Tinggi manusia

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Ketinggian manusia ialah jarak dari tapak kaki ke atas kepala dalam kedudukan berdiri secara tegak.

Isi kandungan

Ketinggian purata serata dunia [sunting]

Country/Region Average male height Average female height Sample population /
age range		 Methodology Year Source
Argentina 1.745 m (5 ka 8+11⁄16 in) 1.610 m (5 ka 3+3⁄8 in) 19 Diukur 1998–2001 [1]
Australia 1.748 m (5 ka 8+13⁄16 in) 1.634 m (5 ka 4+5⁄16 in) 18+ Diukur 1995 [2]
Australia 1.784 m (5 ka 10+3⁄16 in) 1.645 m (5 ka 4+13⁄16 in) 18–24 Diukur 1995 [2]
Austria 1.796 m (5 ka 10+11⁄16 in) 1.671 m (5 ka 5+13⁄16 in) 21-25 Laporan sendiri 1997–2002 [3]
Azerbaijan 1.718 m (5 ka 7+5⁄8 in) 1.654 m (5 ka 5+1⁄8 in) 16+ Diukur 2005 [4]
Bahrain 1.651 m (5 ka 5 in) 1.542 m (5 ka +11⁄16 in) 19+ Diukur 2002 [5]
Belgium 1.795 m (5 ka 10+11⁄16 in) 1.678 m (5 ka 6+1⁄8 in) 21-25 Laporan sendiri 1997–2002 [3]
Brazil 1.690 m (5 ka 6+1⁄2 in) 1.580 m (5 ka 2+3⁄16 in) 21–65 Diukur 2003 [6][7]
Bulgaria 1.75 m (5 ka 8+7⁄8 in) 1.63 m (5 ka 4+3⁄16 in) Diukur 2010

[8]
Cameroon 1.706 m (5 ka 7+3⁄16 in) 1.613 m (5 ka 3+1⁄2 in) Dewasa urban Diukur 2003 [9]
Kanada 1.736 m (5 ka 8+5⁄16 in) 1.595 m (5 ka 2+13⁄16 in) 25+ Diukur 2005 [10]
Kanada 1.760 m (5 ka 9+5⁄16 in) 1.633 m (5 ka 4+5⁄16 in) 25-44 Diukur 2005 [10]
Chile 1.692 m (5 ka 6+5⁄8 in) 1.556 m (5 ka 1+5⁄16 in) 17 and over Diukur 2003 [11]
China (RRC) 1.702 m (5 ka 7 in) 1.586 m (5 ka 2+3⁄8 in) Urban, 17 Diukur 2002 [12]
China (RRC) 1.663 m (5 ka 5+1⁄2 in) 1.570 m (5 ka 1+13⁄16 in) Pedalaman, 17 Diukur 2002 [12]
Colombia 1.706 m (5 ka 7+3⁄16 in) 1.587 m (5 ka 2+1⁄2 in) 18–22 Diukur 2002 [13]
Côte d’Ivoire 1.701 m (5 ka 7 in) 1.591 m (5 ka 2+5⁄8 in) 25–29 Diukur 1985–1987 [14]
Denmark 1.803 m (5 ka 11 in) Askar kerahan, 18-19 Diukur 2006 [15]
Estonia 1.791 m (5 ka 10+1⁄2 in) 17 2003 [16]
Finland 1.800 m (5 ka 10+7⁄8 in) 1.660 m (5 ka 5+3⁄8 in) 25–34 Laporan sendiri 2004 [17]
Perancis 1.741 m (5 ka 8+1⁄2 in) 1.619 m (5 ka 3+11⁄16 in) 20+ Diukur 2001 [18]
Perancis 1.770 m (5 ka 9+11⁄16 in) 1.646 m (5 ka 4+13⁄16 in) 20–29 Diukur 2001 [18]
Ghana 1.695 m (5 ka 6+11⁄16 in) 1.585 m (5 ka 2+3⁄8 in) 25–29 Diukur 1987–1989 [14]
Gambia 1.680 m (5 ka 6+1⁄8 in) 1.578 m (5 ka 2+1⁄8 in) Pedalaman, 21–49 Diukur 1950–1974 [19]
Germany 1.780 m (5 ka 10+1⁄8 in) 1.650 m (5 ka 5 in) Orang dewasa Laporan sendiri 2005 [20]
Jerman 1.810 m (5 ka 11+5⁄16 in) 1.670 m (5 ka 5+11⁄16 in) 18–19 Laporan sendiri 2005 [20]
Greece 1.781 m (5 ka 10+1⁄8 in) Askar kerahan, 18-26 Diukur 2006-2007 [21]
Hong Kong 1.717 m (5 ka 7+5⁄8 in) 1.587 m (5 ka 2+1⁄2 in) 18 Diukur 2006 [22]
Hungary 1.760 m (5 ka 9+5⁄16 in) 1.640 m (5 ka 4+5⁄8 in) Orang dewasa Diukur 2000s [23]
India 1.645 m (5 ka 4+13⁄16 in) 1.520 m (4 ka 11+13⁄16 in) 20 Diukur 2005–2006 [24][25]
India 1.612 m (5 ka 3+1⁄2 in) 1.521 m (4 ka 11+7⁄8 in) Pedalaman, 17+ Diukur 2007 [26]
Indonesia 1.580 m (5 ka 2+3⁄16 in) 1.470 m (4 ka 9+7⁄8 in) 50+ Laporan sendiri 1997 [27]
Indonesia – Jawa Timur 1.624 m (5 ka 3+7⁄8 in) 1.513 m (4 ka 11+5⁄8 in) Urban, 19–23 Diukur 1995 [28]
Iran 1.703 m (5 ka 7 in) 1.572 m (5 ka 1+7⁄8 in) 21+ Diukur 2005 [29]
Iran 1.734 m (5 ka 8+5⁄16 in) 1.598 m (5 ka 2+7⁄8 in) 21-25 Diukur 2005 [29]
Iraq - Baghdad 1.654 m (5 ka 5+1⁄8 in) 1.558 m (5 ka 1+5⁄16 in) 18–44 Diukur 1999–2000 [30]
Ireland 1.774 m (5 ka 9+13⁄16 in) 1.644 m (5 ka 4+11⁄16 in) 21-25 Laporan sendiri 1997–2002 [3]
Israel 1.756 m (5 ka 9+1⁄8 in) 1.628 m (5 ka 4+1⁄8 in) 21 Diukur 1980–2000 [31]
Itali 1.760 m (5 ka 9+5⁄16 in) 1.650 m (5 ka 5 in) 18-40 Diukur 2005 [32]
Jamaica 1.718 m (5 ka 7+5⁄8 in) 1.608 m (5 ka 3+5⁄16 in) 25–74 Diukur 1994–1996

[33]
Jepun 1.715 m (5 ka 7+1⁄2 in) 1.580 m (5 ka 2+3⁄16 in) 19 Diukur 2006 [34]
Lithuania 1.813 m (5 ka 11+3⁄8 in) 1.675 m (5 ka 5+7⁄8 in) 18 Diukur 2005 [35]
Malaysia 1.647 m (5 ka 4+13⁄16 in) 1.533 m (5 ka +3⁄8 in) 20+ Diukur 1996 [36]
Malta 1.699 m (5 ka 6+7⁄8 in) 1.599 m (5 ka 3 in) Orang dewasa Laporan sendiri 2003 [37]
Malta 1.752 m (5 ka 9 in) 1.638 m (5 ka 4+1⁄2 in) 25–34 Laporan sendiri 2003 [37]
Malawi 1.660 m (5 ka 5+3⁄8 in) 1.550 m (5 ka 1 in) Urban, 16–60 Diukur 2000 [38]
Mali 1.713 m (5 ka 7+3⁄8 in) 1.604 m (5 ka 3+1⁄8 in) Dewasa pedalaman Diukur 1992 [39]
Mexico – Morelos 1.670 m (5 ka 5+11⁄16 in) 1.550 m (5 ka 1 in) Orang dewasa Laporan sendiri 1998 [40]
Mexico 1.630 m (5 ka 4+3⁄16 in) 1.510 m (4 ka 11+3⁄8 in) 50+ Diukur 2001 [41]
Mongolia 1.684 m (5 ka 6+5⁄16 in) 1.577 m (5 ka 2+1⁄8 in) 25–34 Diukur 2006 [42]
Netherlands 1.808 m (5 ka 11+3⁄16 in) 1.678 m (5 ka 6+1⁄8 in) 20+ Laporan sendiri 2008 [43]
Netherlands 1.843 m (6 ka +5⁄8 in) 1.702 m (5 ka 7 in) 25–34 Laporan sendiri 2008 [43]
New Zealand 1.770 m (5 ka 9+11⁄16 in) 1.650 m (5 ka 5 in) 19–45 Estimates 1993–2007 [44]
New Zealand 1.745 m (5 ka 8+11⁄16 in) 1.630 m (5 ka 4+3⁄16 in) 45–65 Estimates 1993–2007 [44]
Nigeria 1.638 m (5 ka 4+1⁄2 in) 1.578 m (5 ka 2+1⁄8 in) 18–74 Diukur 1994–1996

[33]
Norway 1.797 m (5 ka 10+11⁄16 in) 1.672 m (5 ka 5+13⁄16 in) Askar kerahan, 18–19 Diukur 2008 [45]
Peru 1.640 m (5 ka 4+5⁄8 in) 1.510 m (4 ka 11+3⁄8 in) 20+ Diukur 2005 [46]
Filipina 1.619 m (5 ka 3+11⁄16 in) 1.502 m (4 ka 11+1⁄8 in) 20+ Diukur 2003 [47]
Filipina 1.634 m (5 ka 4+5⁄16 in) 1.517 m (4 ka 11+11⁄16 in) 20-39 Diukur 2003 [47]
Portugal 1.728 m (5 ka 8 in) Askar kerahan, 21 Diukur 1998–99 [48]
Singapura 1.706 m (5 ka 7+3⁄16 in) 1.600 m (5 ka 3 in) 17–25 2003 [49]
South Africa 1.690 m (5 ka 6+1⁄2 in) 1.590 m (5 ka 2+5⁄8 in) 25–34 Diukur 1998 [50]
Korea Selatan 1.739 m (5 ka 8+1⁄2 in) 1.611 m (5 ka 3+3⁄8 in) 19 Diukur 2006 [51]
Sepanyol 1.761 m (5 ka 9+5⁄16 in) 1.655 m (5 ka 5+3⁄16 in) 21-25 Laporan sendiri 1997–2002 [3]
Sepanyol 1.780 m (5 ka 10+1⁄8 in) 1.650 m (5 ka 5 in) 21 Diukur 1998–2000 [52]
Sweden 1.779 m (5 ka 10 in) 1.646 m (5 ka 4+13⁄16 in) 20–74 [53]
Sweden 1.815 m (5 ka 11+1⁄2 in) 1.668 m (5 ka 5+11⁄16 in) 20–29 Diukur 2008 [54]
Switzerland 1.754 m (5 ka 9+1⁄8 in) 1.640 m (5 ka 4+5⁄8 in) 20–74 [53]
Switzerland 1.781 m (5 ka 10+1⁄8 in) Askar kerahan, 18–21 Diukur 2005 [55]
Thailand 1.675 m (5 ka 5+7⁄8 in) 1.573 m (5 ka 1+7⁄8 in) Penuntut STOU Laporan sendiri 1991–1995 [56]
Turki – Ankara 1.740 m (5 ka 8+1⁄2 in) 1.589 m (5 ka 2+5⁄8 in) 18-59 Diukur 2004–2006 [57]
Turki – Ankara 1.761 m (5 ka 9+5⁄16 in) 1.620 m (5 ka 3+13⁄16 in) 18-29 Diukur 2004–2006 [57]
Turki – Edirne 1.737 m (5 ka 8+3⁄8 in) 1.614 m (5 ka 3+1⁄2 in) 17 Diukur 2001 [58]
United Kingdom 1.772 m (5 ka 9+13⁄16 in) 1.634 m (5 ka 4+5⁄16 in) 25-34 Diukur 2007 [59]
United Kingdom 1.753 m (5 ka 9 in) 1.616 m (5 ka 3+5⁄8 in) Orang dewasa Diukur 2007 [59]
U.S. 1.763 m (5 ka 9+3⁄8 in) 1.622 m (5 ka 3+7⁄8 in) Keseluruhan, 20+ Diukur 2003–2006 [60]
U.S. 1.776 m (5 ka 9+7⁄8 in) 1.632 m (5 ka 4+5⁄16 in) Keseluruhan, 20–29 Diukur 2003–2006 [60]
U.S. 1.789 m (5 ka 10+3⁄8 in) 1.638 m (5 ka 4+1⁄2 in) Orang kulit putih, 20–39 Diukur 2003–2006 [60]
U.S. 1.760 m (5 ka 9+5⁄16 in) 1.632 m (5 ka 4+5⁄16 in) Afro-Amerika, 20–39 Diukur 2003–2006 [60]
U.S. 1.706 m (5 ka 7+3⁄16 in) 1.587 m (5 ka 2+1⁄2 in) Mexico-Amerika, 20–39 Diukur 2003–2006 [60]
Vietnam 1.65 m (5 ka 5 in) 1.53 m (5 ka +3⁄16 in) Remaja Diukur 2004 [61]
Vietnam 1.621 m (5 ka 3+13⁄16 in) 1.522 m (4 ka 11+7⁄8 in) 25–29 Diukur 1992–1993 [14]

Lihat juga [sunting]

Rujukan [sunting]

  1. ↑ del Pino, Mariana; Bay, Luisa; Lejarraga, Horacio; Kovalskys, Irina; Berner, Enrique; Herscovici, Cecile Rausch (2005). "Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años: las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes" (dalam Bahasa Spanish). Archivos argentinos de pediatría 103 (4): 323–30. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0325-00752005000400007&script=sci_arttext. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 ABS How Australians Measure Up 1995 data
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1002.pdf The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe
  4. ↑ Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, 2005
  5. ↑ NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY
  6. ↑ IBGE(2005)
  7. ↑ Folha de SP
  8. ↑ http://www.bnews.bg/article-4821
  9. ↑ Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya JC (2006). "Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey". BMC Public Health 6: 228. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-228. PMC 1579217. PMID 16970806. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1579217/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Methodological Issues in Anthropometry: Laporan sendiri versus Diukur Height and Weight, by Margot Shields, Sarah Connor Gorber, Mark S. Tremblay
  11. ↑ National Health Survey 2004 (p. 161)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Yang XG, Li YP, Ma GS, et al. (July 2005). "[Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002]" (dalam Bahasa Chinese). Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 26 (7): 489–93. PMID 16334998. 
  13. ↑ A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY: A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING, COLOMBIA 1910–2002 *
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Productive Benefits of Improving Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries, T. Paul Schultz*
  15. ↑ DST Statistical Yearbook 2007
  16. ↑ Lintsi M, Kaarma H (January 2006). "Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries". Economics and Human Biology 4 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.007. PMID 15993666. 
  17. ↑ National Public Health Institute (Finland)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 La taille des hommes : son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle - INSEE
  19. ↑ Rebecca Sear
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Households, families and health - Results of the Microcensus 2005
  21. ↑ Papadimitriou A, Fytanidis G, Douros K, Papadimitriou DT, Nicolaidou P, Fretzayas A (August 2008). "Greek young men grow taller". Acta Paediatrica 97 (8): 1105–7. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00855.x. PMID 18477057. 
  22. ↑ Secular changes in height, weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children
  23. ↑ Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian)
  24. ↑ Angus Deaton, 2008
  25. ↑ Times of India
  26. ↑ Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K (November 2002). "Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (11): 1119–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601457. PMID 12428178. 
  27. ↑ Indonesia Family Life Survey,1997
  28. ↑ Youth Profile in Some Suburban Areas In East Java (Preliminary Survey of The Indonesian Youth Stature at The Fiftieth Anniversary of Indonesia)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 http://diglib.tums.ac.ir/pub/magmng/pdf/6079.pdf Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984
  30. ↑ http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/fnb23-4.pdf Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad,Iraq,Haifa Tawfeek
  31. ↑ Mandel D, Zimlichman E, Mimouni FB, Grotto I, Kreiss Y (February 2004). "Height-related changes in body mass index: a reappraisal". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23 (1): 51–4. PMID 14963053. http://www.jacn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14963053. 
  32. ↑ Altezza media per sesso e regione per le persone di 18-40 anni, anno 2006, Received from ISTAT 11 Feb. 2009
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Okosun IS, Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Osotimehin B, Forrester T (November 1998). "Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians, Jamaicans, and African-Americans". Diabetes Care 21 (11): 1836–42. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.11.1836. PMID 9802730. 
  34. ↑ Official Statistics by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
  35. ↑ 136. Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians. Tutkuviene J.
  36. ↑ Distribution of Body Weight, Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Orang dewasa
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 2003 study. A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results - the average Maltese person is 164.9cm (5'4.9") compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm (5'6.7").
  38. ↑ Msamati BC, Igbigbi PS (July 2000). "Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians". East African Medical Journal 77 (7): 364–8. PMID 12862154. 
  39. ↑ Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali,Katherine A. Dettwyler
  40. ↑ Indice de masa corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en una población adulta mexicana: la precisión del autorreporte
  41. ↑ Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM)
  42. ↑ [1]
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Zelfgerapporteerde medische consumptie, gezondheid en leefstijl, Central Bureau of Statistics, 16 March 2009, accessed October 06, 2009
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 (page 60) Size and Shape of New Zealanders: NZ Norms for Anthropometric Data 1993****. Based on British norms and their relations to New Zealand values
  45. ↑ http://www.ssb.no/english/yearbook/tab/tab-106.html Statistics Norway
  46. ↑ Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 6th National Nutrition Survey
  48. ↑ Tendências do Peso em Portugal no Final do Século XX
  49. ↑ Deurenberg et al. 2003
  50. ↑ SADHS(1998)
  51. ↑ Korea.net
  52. ↑ [2]
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Cavelaars et al 2000.
  54. ↑ Dagens Nyheter (2008-02-29)
  55. ↑ Rühli FJ, Henneberg M, Schaer DJ, Imhof A, Schleiffenbaum B, Woitek U (May 2008). "Determinants of inter-individual cholesterol level variation in an unbiased young male sample". Swiss Medical Weekly 138 (19-20): 286–91. doi:2008/19/smw-11971. PMID 18491242. 
  56. ↑ Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University-Health Research Project
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Özer, Basak Koca (2008). "Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults". Anthropological Science 116: 191. doi:10.1537/ase.061213. 
  58. ↑ Oner N, Vatansever U, Sari A, et al. (September 2004). "Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in Turkish adolescents". Swiss Medical Weekly 134 (35-36): 529–33. doi:2004/35/smw-10740. PMID 15517506. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Health Survey for England 2007
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Orang dewasa 2003–2006
  61. ↑ http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Sua-cho-tre-tho/45111173/157/

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